Potential efficacy of preparations derived from Phaseolus vulgaris in the control of appetite, energy intake, and carbohydrate metabolism

Mauro Am Carai, Noemi Fantini, Barbara Loi, Giancarlo Colombo, Antonella Riva, Paolo Morazzoni, Mauro Am Carai, Noemi Fantini, Barbara Loi, Giancarlo Colombo, Antonella Riva, Paolo Morazzoni

Abstract

Preclinical data on extracts of and preparations derived from beans of Phaseolus vulgaris are reviewed as potential remedies for use in controlling food consumption, body weight, lipid accumulation, and glycemia. A growing body of evidence suggests that acute and chronic administration of P. vulgaris derivatives reduces food intake (including highly palatable foods), body weight, lipid deposit, and glycemia in rats exposed to multiple experimental procedures. Two possible lectin-mediated mechanisms of action have been proposed: (a) inhibition of α-amylase, resulting in a reduced carbohydrate metabolism and absorption; (b) phytohemoagglutinin-induced modulation of the activity of cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptides, resulting in a reduced appetite. Preliminary clinical data, as well as reports focusing on the use of several traditional medicines, apparently extend these findings to humans. Should these initial clinical data be confirmed by future surveys, P. vulgaris derivatives might constitute novel remedies for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Future studies are also expected to identify active structures leading to the development of new pharmaceutical agents.

Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris extracts and derivatives; body weight; diabetes; food intake; glycemia; lipid accumulation; metabolic syndrome; obesity.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Reducing effect of the prolonged (700 consecutive days) ingestion of a Phaseolus vulgaris preparation, mixed in a starch-enriched diet, on feed efficiency [defined as the body weight gain (g) over the amount (g) of food intake] in Hooded Lister rats. Adapted from Grant G, Dorward PM, Buchan WC, Armour JC, Pusztai A. Consumption of diets containing raw soya beans (Glycine max), kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) or lupin seeds (Lupinus angustifolius) by rats for up to 700 days: effects on body composition and organ weights. Br J Nutr. 1995;73:17–29. Copyright © 1995 with permission of Cambridge University Press.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Reducing effect of the repeated (10 consecutive days) ingestion of a Phaseolus vulgaris extract, mixed – at the concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 3% – to a starch-enriched diet, on daily food (top panel) and water (center panel) intake, as well as changes in body weight (expressed as percent of baseline) (bottom panel) in Wistar rats. Each point is the mean ± SEM of n = 6 to 7 rats. Hatched vertical lines indicate the end of the 10-day treatment phase and the start of the 14-day post-treatment phase. ANOVA results – Food intake, treatment phase: Fdiet (3,21) = 10.42, P < 0.0005; Ftime (9,189) = 22.58, P < 0.0001; Finteraction (27,189) = 8.79, P < 0.0001; Food intake, post-treatment phase: Fdiet (3,21) = 12.93, P < 0.0001; Ftime (13,273) = 43.78, P < 0.0001; Finteraction (39,273) = 1.69, P < 0.01; Water intake, treatment phase: Fdiet (3,21) = 3.47, P < 0.05; Ftime (9,189) = 2.38, P < 0.05; Finteraction (27,189) = 0.97, P > 0.05; Water intake, post-treatment phase: Fdiet (3,21) = 0.40, P > 0.05; Ftime (13,273) = 14.76, P < 0.0001; Finteraction (39,273) = 2.60, P < 0.0001; Body weight changes, treatment phase: Fdiet (3,21) = 7,44, P < 0.005; Ftime (9,189) = 79.94, P < 0.0001; Finteraction (27,189) = 3.23, P < 0.0001; Body weight changes, post-treatment phase: Fdiet (3,21) = 2.31, P > 0.05; Ftime (13,273) = 458.37, P < 0.0001; Finteraction (39,273) = 6.55, P < 0.0001.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Reducing effect of the acute administration of a Phaseolus vulgaris extract on intake of butter cookies in pre-fed satiated Wistar rats having a 1-hour access to butter cookies. Each bar is the mean ± SEM of n = 7 rats. ANOVA results: F (3; 27) = 245.55, P < 0.0001; *P < 0.05 with respect to vehicle-treated rats (Newman-Keuls test).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Reducing effect of the repeated (22 consecutive days) administration of a Phaseolus vulgaris extract on glycemia in control (ND) and streptozotocin-treated (STZ) rats. Glycemia was monitored every other day. Adapted from Tormo MA, Gil-Exojo I, Romero de Tejada A, Campillo JE. White bean amylase inhibitor administered orally reduces glycaemia in type 2 diabetic rats. Br J Nutr. 2006;96:539–544. Copyright © 2006 with permission of Cambridge University Press.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Similar reducing effect of a Phaseolus vulgaris extract and metformin on time-course of glycemia (top panel) and area under the curve of the time-course of glycemia (bottom panel) in Wistar rats given a 1-hour (corresponding to the 0- to 60-minute time interval) access to a starch-enriched diet and water. Each point or bar is the mean ± SEM of n = 7 to 8 rats. ANOVA results – Time-course: Ftreatment (2,20) = 9.13, P < 0.005; Ftime (2,40) = 21.95, P < 0.0001; Finteraction (4,40) = 10.95, P < 0.0001; Area under the curve: F (2,20) = 7.23, P < 0.005. *P < 0.005 with respect to values of vehicle-treated rats at the same time interval (Newman-Keuls test); +P < 0.05 with respect to values of vehicle-treated rats (Newman-Keuls test).

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