Influence of enrollment sequence effect on observed outcomes in the ADDRESS and PROWESS studies of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in patients with severe sepsis

Pierre-François Laterre, William L Macias, Jonathan Janes, Mark D Williams, David R Nelson, Amand R J Girbes, Jean-François Dhainaut, Edward Abraham, Pierre-François Laterre, William L Macias, Jonathan Janes, Mark D Williams, David R Nelson, Amand R J Girbes, Jean-François Dhainaut, Edward Abraham

Abstract

Introduction: We performed a study to determine whether an enrollment sequence effect noted in the PROWESS (recombinant human activated Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis) trial exists in the ADDRESS (Administration of Drotrecogin Alfa [Activated] [DrotAA] in Early Stage Severe Sepsis) trial.

Methods: We evaluated prospectively defined subgroups from two large phase 3 clinical trials: ADDRESS, which included 516 sites in 34 countries, and PROWESS, which included 164 sites in 11 countries. ADDRESS consisted of patients with severe sepsis at low risk of death not indicated for treatment with DrotAA. PROWESS consisted of patients with severe sepsis with one or more organ dysfunctions. DrotAA (24 microg/kg per hour) or placebo was infused for 96 hours.

Results: In ADDRESS and PROWESS, there was a statistically significant interaction between the DrotAA treatment effect and the sequence in which patients were enrolled. In both trials, higher mortality was associated with DrotAA use in the subgroup of patients enrolled first at study sites. Compared with placebo, PROWESS mortality was lower with DrotAA treatment for the second and subsequent patients enrolled, whereas in ADDRESS, mortality remained higher for the second patient enrolled but thereafter was lower for DrotAA-treated patients. Comparison of patients enrolled first with subsequent patients enrolled indicated that the characteristics of patients changed. Subsequently enrolled patients were treated earlier, were less likely to suffer nonserious bleeds (ADDRESS), and experienced fewer protocol violations (PROWESS).

Conclusions: Analyses suggest that an enrollment sequence effect was present in the ADDRESS and PROWESS trials. Analysis of this effect on outcomes suggests that it is most apparent in patients at lower risk of death. In PROWESS, this effect appeared to be associated with a reduction of the DrotAA treatment effect for the first patients enrolled at each site. In ADDRESS, this effect may have contributed to early termination of the study. The finding of an enrollment sequence effect in two separate trials suggests that trial designs, site selection and training, data collection and monitoring, and statistical analysis plans may need to be adjusted for these potentially confounding events.

Trial registration: ADDRESS trial registration number: NCT00568737. PROWESS was completed before trial registration was required.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Twenty-eight-day mortality in all randomly assigned patients in ADDRESS (a) and PROWESS (b) with no patients removed from the analysis and also with the first through fourth patients enrolled at each site removed. Note: 0 represents the results for the entire population, and 1 through 4 correspond to the analysis with the first through fourth patients from each site removed. ADDRESS, ADministration of DRotrecogin alfa (activated) in Early Stage Severe Sepsis; DrotAA, drotrecogin alfa (activated); PBO, placebo; PROWESS, Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Twenty-eight-day mortality in all randomly assigned patients with multiple organ dysfunction in ADDRESS (a) and PROWESS (b) with no patients removed from the analysis and also with the first through fourth patients enrolled at each site removed. Note: 0 represents the results for the entire population, and 1 through 4 correspond to the analysis with the first through fourth patients from each site removed. ADDRESS, ADministration of DRotrecogin alfa (activated) in Early Stage Severe Sepsis; DrotAA, drotrecogin alfa (activated); MOD, multiple organ dysfunction; PBO, placebo; PROWESS, Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Twenty-eight-day mortality in all randomly assigned patients with an APACHE II score of greater than or equal to 25 in ADDRESS (a) and PROWESS (b) with no patients removed from the analysis and also with the first through fourth patients enrolled at each site removed. Note: 0 represents the results for the entire population, and 1 through 4 correspond to the analysis with the first through fourth patients from each site removed. ADDRESS, ADministration of DRotrecogin alfa (activated) in Early Stage Severe Sepsis; APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; DrotAA, drotrecogin alfa (activated); PBO, placebo; PROWESS, Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Twenty-eight-day mortality in all randomly assigned surgical patients with single organ dysfunction in ADDRESS (a) and PROWESS (b) with no patients removed from the analysis and also with the first through fourth patients enrolled at each site removed. Note: 0 represents the results for the entire population, and 1 through 4 correspond to the analysis with the first through fourth patients from each site removed. ADDRESS, ADministration of DRotrecogin alfa (activated) in Early Stage Severe Sepsis; DrotAA, drotrecogin alfa (activated); OD, organ dysfunction; PBO, placebo; PROWESS, Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Twenty-eight-day mortality in all randomly assigned medical patients with single organ dysfunction in ADDRESS (c) and PROWESS (d) with no patients removed from the analysis and also with the first through fourth patients enrolled at each site removed. Note: 0 represents the results for the entire population, and 1 through 4 correspond to the analysis with the first through fourth patients from each site removed. ADDRESS, ADministration of DRotrecogin alfa (activated) in Early Stage Severe Sepsis; DrotAA, drotrecogin alfa (activated); OD, organ dysfunction; PBO, placebo; PROWESS, Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Twenty-eight-day mortality in all randomly assigned patients in ADDRESS (a) and in PROWESS (b) with an APACHE II score of less than 25, with no patients removed from the analysis, and also with the first through fourth patients enrolled at each site removed. Note: 0 represents the results for the entire population, and 1 through 4 correspond to the analysis with the first through fourth patients from each site removed. ADDRESS, ADministration of DRotrecogin alfa (activated) in Early Stage Severe Sepsis; APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; DrotAA, drotrecogin alfa (activated); PBO, placebo; PROWESS, Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis.

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Source: PubMed

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