A controlled pilot intervention on community violence prevention, financial and social capital generation in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Louis Jansen, Anne H Outwater, Michael Lowery Wilson, Masunga K Iseselo, Till Bärnighausen, Louis Jansen, Anne H Outwater, Michael Lowery Wilson, Masunga K Iseselo, Till Bärnighausen

Abstract

Background: Community violence has been found to be highly prevalent in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Increasing socioeconomic inequality has been outlined as one of the main causes of community violence. This controlled pilot trial aimed at evaluating the impact of beekeeping and entrepreneurship training on community violence exposure, financial and social capital generation, and employment structure.

Methods: Poisson regression was used to compare pre- and post-intervention risk ratios for community violence exposure. Linear regression was used to depict change in weekly income and utu scores. Employment rate structures were determined pre- and post-intervention.

Results: This study reports that compared to the Control arm beekeeping and entrepreneurship training appears to have protected young men in Dar es Salaam from exposure to community violence (All = 0.62 (0.40-0.96), Beekeeping = 0.57 (0.30-1.08), Entrepreneurship = 0.62 (0.33-1.17)), while increasing financial (All = 23,145 (- 27,155 - 73,444), Beekeeping = 29,310 (- 26,079 - 84,698), Entrepreneurship = 82,334 (12,274 - 152,293)) and partially also social capital (All = - 0.24 (- 1.35-0.87), Beekeeping = 0.85 (- 0.26-1.96), Entrepreneurship = 0.30 (- 1.16-1.77)). Financial dependency across all arms was reduced from 29.1 to 2.2%.

Conclusions: Our study reports that beekeeping training and entrepreneurship seminars appear to have a protective effect against exposure to community violence among young men in Dar es Salaam, while partially also increasing financial and social capital, as well as reducing financial dependency. We recommend that these results should lay the foundation for an adequately powered randomized trial to confirm the study's efficacy.

Trial registration: retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04602416; October 26, 2020).

Keywords: Community violence; Economic empowerment; Social capital; Violence prevention.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Incidence of community violence exposure of the four arms over the four study interviews
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Mean weekly income of the four arms over the four study interviews
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Mean utu scores of the four arms over the four study interviews

References

    1. Kobusingye O, Bowman B, Burrows S, Matzopoulos R, Butchart A. Violence and health in the WHO African region. 2010.
    1. Smith NR. e: Oxford University Press; 2019.
    1. Morse BS. Policing and the rule of law in weak states: evidence from Liberia: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2019.
    1. Outwater AH, Mgaya E, Msemo S, Helgesson L, Abraham AG: Youth unemployment, community violence, creating opportunities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a qualitative study. Tanzania Journal of Health Research. 2015;17(1).
    1. Outwater AH, Abraham AG, Msemo S, Sekai LH, Iseselo M, Killewo J: 343 Addressing community violence through training: rukajuu beekeeping pilot intervention in dar es Salaam, Tanzania. In.: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd; 2016.
    1. Ng’walali PM, Kitinya JN. Mob justice in Tanzania: a medico-social problem. Afr Health Sci. 2006;6(1):36–38.
    1. Outwater AH, Campbell JC, Mgaya E, Abraham AG, Kinabo L, Kazaura M, Kub J: Homicide death in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 2005. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 2008;15(4):243-52.
    1. Maliti E. Inequality in education and wealth in Tanzania: a 25-year perspective. Soc Indic Res. 2019;145(3):901–921. doi: 10.1007/s11205-018-1838-y.
    1. Balvanz P, Yamanis TJ, Mulawa MI, Mwikoko G, Kajuna D, Kilonzo MN, et al. Microfinance and health interventions: factors influencing loan repayment success with young men in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Global Public Health. 2019;14(2):254–270. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2018.1501079.
    1. Kibusi SM, Ohnishi M, Outwater A, Seino K, Kizuki M, Takano T. Sociocultural factors that reduce risks of homicide in Dar es Salaam: a case control study. Injury Prevention 2013;19(5):320-5.
    1. Rettová A. Cognates of Ubuntu: humanity/personhood in the Swahili philosophy of utu. Decolonial Subversions. 2020.
    1. Kinyanjui MN. African markets and the Utu-Ubuntu business model.
    1. Glass N, Perrin NA, Kohli A, Campbell J, Remy MM. Randomised controlled trial of a livestock productive asset transfer programme to improve economic and health outcomes and reduce intimate partner violence in a postconflict setting. BMJ Glob Health. 2017;2(1):e000165. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000165.
    1. Glass N, Remy MM, Mayo-Wilson LJ, Kohli A, Sommer M, Turner R, et al. Comparative effectiveness of an economic empowerment program on adolescent economic assets, education and health in a humanitarian setting. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1–15. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-8219-6.
    1. Tutuba NB, Vanhaverbeke W. Beekeeping in Tanzania: why is beekeeping not commercially viable in Mvomero? Afrika. Focus. 2018;31(1).
    1. Wagner K, Meilby H, Cross P. Sticky business-why do beekeepers keep bees and what makes them successful in Tanzania? J Rural Stud. 2019;66:52–66. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.01.022.
    1. Meaza GB. Socio-economic analysis of market oriented beekeeping in Atsbi Wemberta District of eastern zone, Tigray. Region. 2010.
    1. Schmutz U, Turner ML, Williams S, Devereaux M, Davies G. The benefits of gardening and food growing for health and wellbeing. 2014.
    1. Hermann H, John G. Telling the bees. Bees Develop J. 2015;117:6–9.
    1. Carroll T, Kinsella J. Livelihood improvement and smallholder beekeeping in Kenya: the unrealised potential. Dev Pract. 2013;23(3):332–345. doi: 10.1080/09614524.2013.781123.
    1. World Bank. Tanzania: The World Bank Group; 2019 [Available from: .
    1. LO/FTF Council Analytical Unit . Labour market profile: Tanzania & Zanzibar. Copenhagen: Danish Trade Council for International Development and Cooperation; 2018.
    1. Hoornweg D, Pope K. Socioeconomic pathways and regional distribution of the world’s 101 largest cities. Global Cities Institute (working paper n 04), Toronto, Ontario, Canada Accessed: April. 2014;18:2018.
    1. Yamanis TJ, Maman S, Mbwambo JK, Earp JAE, Kajula LJ. Social venues that protect against and promote HIV risk for young men in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(9):1601–1609. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.039.
    1. Iseselo MK, Mosha IH, Killewo J, Sekei LH, Outwater AH. Can training interventions in entrepreneurship, beekeeping, and health change the mind-set of vulnerable young adults toward self-employment? A qualitative study from urban Tanzania. PloSone. 2019;14(8).
    1. Helgesson Sekei LK, Adelaide. Ruka Juu II: Young farmers in business. Impact study. Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: Femina HIP M&E team, the Norwegian School of Economics (NHH), rural urban development initiatives (RUDI) and Kilosa District agriculture Office; 2013.
    1. Krug EG, Mercy JA, Dahlberg LL, Zwi AB. The world report on violence and health. Lancet. 2002;360(9339):1083–1088. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0.
    1. Butchart A, Mikton C. Global status report on violence prevention, 2014. 2014.
    1. Margolin G, Gordis EB. The effects of family and community violence on children. Annu Rev Psychol. 2000;51(1):445–479. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.445.
    1. Outwater AH, Mgaya E, Campbell JC. Community violence in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A mixed methods study. African Safety Promotion: A Journal of Injury and Violence Prevention. 2013;11(1):25-38.
    1. Eyakuze A. Tanzania. Tutafika Development. 2004;47(4):87–90. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.development.1100076.
    1. R development Core team . R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2010.
    1. Brown G, Bos E, Brady G, Kneafsey M, Glynn M. A summary report of an evaluation of the master gardener Programme at HMP Rye Hill: An Horticultural Intervention with Substance Misusing Offenders 2016.
    1. Tintswalo MV. Schools as sites of violence: the role of social capital in reducing violence in south African township schools. J Sociol Soc Anthropol. 2014;5(1):51–60. doi: 10.1080/09766634.2014.11885609.
    1. Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW, Earls F. Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science. 1997;277(5328):918–924. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5328.918.
    1. Kawachi I, Berkman L. Social cohesion, social capital, and health. Soc Epidemiol. 2000;174(7).
    1. Pretty J, Barton J, Colbeck I, Hine R, Mourato S, MacKerron G, et al. Health values from ecosystems: UK National Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP-WCMC; 2011.
    1. Brown A, Garguilo S, Mehta K. The relentless pursuit of financial capital for micro-enterprises: importance of trust and social capital. Int J Serv Learn Eng Humanit Eng Soc Entrepreneur. 2011;6(2):78–97.
    1. Green EP, Blattman C, Jamison J, Annan J. Women's entrepreneurship and intimate partner violence: a cluster randomized trial of microenterprise assistance and partner participation in post-conflict Uganda (SSM-D-14-01580R1) Soc Sci Med. 2015;133:177–188. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.042.
    1. Vyas S, Watts C. How does economic empowerment affect women's risk of intimate partner violence in low and middle income countries? A systematic review of published evidence. J Int Develop. 2009;21(5):577–602. doi: 10.1002/jid.1500.
    1. Gibbs A, Jacobson J, Kerr WA. A global comprehensive review of economic interventions to prevent intimate partner violence and HIV risk behaviours. Glob Health Action. 2017;10(sup2):1290427. doi: 10.1080/16549716.2017.1290427.
    1. Brixiová Z, Ncube M, Bicaba Z. Skills and youth entrepreneurship in Africa: analysis with evidence from Swaziland. World Dev. 2015;67:11–26. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.027.
    1. de la Roche RS. Collective violence as social control. Sociol Forum. 1996;11(1):97–128. doi: 10.1007/BF02408303.
    1. United States central intelligence agency, government publications office. The world Factbook 2016–17: Central Intelligence Agency; 2016.
    1. United States central intelligence agency, government publications office. The world Factbook 2016–17: Central Intelligence Agency; 2016.
    1. Nord R, Sobolev YV, Dunn DG, Hajdenberg A, Hobdari NA, Maziad S, et al. Tanzania; The Story of an African Transition: International Monetary Fund; 2009.
    1. Global Health Estimates 2016: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000–2016 [Internet]. 2018 [cited March 30th, 2020]. Available from: .
    1. Mikton CR, Butchart A, Dahlberg LL, Krug EG. Global status report on violence prevention 2014. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50(5):652–659. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.007.
    1. World Health Organization. World health statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs sustainable development goals: World Health Organization; 2016.

Source: PubMed

스폰서 및 공동 작업자

건강 상태

약물 개입

3
구독하다