Pain Related Cortical Oscillations: Methodological Advances and Potential Applications

Weiwei Peng, Dandan Tang, Weiwei Peng, Dandan Tang

Abstract

Alongside the time-locked event-related potentials (ERPs), nociceptive somatosensory inputs can induce modulations of ongoing oscillations, appeared as event-related synchronization or desynchronization (ERS/ERD) in different frequency bands. These ERD/ERS activities are suggested to reflect various aspects of pain perception, including the representation, encoding, assessment, and integration of the nociceptive sensory inputs, as well as behavioral responses to pain, even the precise details of their roles remain unclear. Previous studies investigating the functional relevance of ERD/ERS activities in pain perception were normally done by assessing their latencies, frequencies, magnitudes, and scalp distributions, which would be then correlated with subjective pain perception or stimulus intensity. Nevertheless, these temporal, spectral, and spatial profiles of stimulus induced ERD/ERS could only partly reveal the dynamics of brain oscillatory activities. Indeed, additional parameters, including but not limited to, phase, neural generator, and cross frequency couplings, should be paid attention to comprehensively and systemically evaluate the dynamics of oscillatory activities associated with pain perception and behavior. This would be crucial in exploring the psychophysiological mechanisms of neural oscillation, and in understanding the neural functions of cortical oscillations involved in pain perception and behavior. Notably, some chronic pain (e.g., neurogenic pain and complex regional pain syndrome) patients are often associated with the occurrence of abnormal synchronized oscillatory brain activities, and selectively modulating cortical oscillatory activities has been showed to be a potential therapy strategy to relieve pain with the application of neurostimulation techniques, e.g., repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Thus, the investigation of the oscillatory activities proceeding from phenomenology to function, opens new perspectives to address questions in human pain psychophysiology and pathophysiology, thereby promoting the establishment of rational therapeutic strategy.

Keywords: cortical oscillations; electroencephalography (EEG); event-related desynchronization (ERD); event-related synchronization (ERS); pain.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart describing the identification of pain related electrophysiological features and applications in both basic and clinical pain study. Nociceptive somatosensory inputs can elicit transient changes in the ongoing electroencephalography (EEG) activities, including phase-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) and non-phase-locked modulations of ongoing oscillatory activities in multiple frequency bands (appeared as event-related desynchronization or synchronization, ERD or ERS). The phase-locked ERPs activities could be obtained by the classical across-trial averaging process, characterized by their peak latency, amplitude, scalp topography, and neural generators, while the non-phase-locked ERD/ERS activities could be identified using time-frequency analysis (TFA), characterized by several parameters including latency, frequency, magnitude, scalp topography, phase, neural generator, casual information flows, and cross-frequency couplings (CFCs). The assessment of the relationship between human pain perception and electrophysiological responses has the potential applications in both basic and clinical pain study, including: (1) exploring electrophysiological signatures coding subjective pain perception; (2) predicting subjective pain intensity; (3) exploring pathological mechanisms of chronic pain; and (4) relieving pain modulating the cortical oscillatory activities using neurofeedback techniques.

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