Multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise

David M Keyes, Shyretha D Brown, Michelle A King, Megan D Engel, Matthew Ciciora-Gold, Peter John D De Chavez, Lindsay B Baker, David M Keyes, Shyretha D Brown, Michelle A King, Megan D Engel, Matthew Ciciora-Gold, Peter John D De Chavez, Lindsay B Baker

Abstract

Purpose: To compare local sweating rate (LSR) and local sweat sodium ([Na+]), chloride ([Cl-]), and potassium ([K+]) concentrations of tattooed skin and contralateral non-tattooed skin during exercise.

Methods: Thirty-three recreational exercisers (17 men, 16 women) with ≥ 1 unilateral permanent tattoo on the torso/arms were tested during cycling, running, or fitness sessions (26 ± 4 °C and 54 ± 13% relative humidity). Forty-eight tattoos with a range of ink colors, ages (3 weeks to 20 years), and densities (10-100%) were included. Before exercise, the skin was cleaned with alcohol and patches (3 M Tegaderm + Pad) were placed on the tattooed and contralateral non-tattooed skin. LSR was calculated from sweat mass (0.80 ± 0.31 g), patch surface area (11.9 cm2), and duration (62 ± 14 min). Sweat [Na+], [Cl-], and [K+] were measured via ion chromatography.

Results: Based on the analysis of variance results, there were no differences between tattooed and non-tattooed skin for LSR (1.16 ± 0.52 vs. 1.12 ± 0.53 mg/cm2/min; p = 0.51), sweat [Na+] (60.2 ± 23.5 vs. 58.5 ± 22.7 mmol/L; p = 0.27), sweat [Cl-] (52.1 ± 22.4 vs. 50.6 ± 22.0 mmol/L; p = 0.31), or sweat [K+] (5.8 ± 1.6 vs. 5.9 ± 1.4 mmol/L; p = 0.31). Multiple regression analyses suggested that younger tattoos were associated with higher sweat [Na+] (p = 0.045) and colorful tattoos were associated with higher sweat [Cl-] (p = 0.04) compared with contralateral non-tattooed skin. Otherwise, there were no effects of LSR or tattoo characteristics on regression models for LSR or sweat electrolyte concentrations.

Conclusion: There were no effects of tattoos on LSR and sweat [K+] during exercise-induced sweating, but tattoo age and color had small effects on sweat [Na+] and sweat [Cl-], respectively.

Clinical trial identifiers: NCT04240951 was registered on January 27, 2020 and NCT04920266 was registered on June 9, 2021.

Keywords: Chloride; Cycling; Fitness exercise; Potassium; Running; Sodium.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors are employed by PepsiCo R&D. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of PepsiCo, Inc.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Individual data points for local sweating rate for each tattoo versus no tattoo comparison. The labels on the x-axis correspond with the tattoo identifier in Table 1, which are organized in ascending order from lowest to highest non-tattoo local sweating rate. Inset shows the group mean ± SD. LSR, local sweating rate. There was no statistical difference between tattoo and non-tattoo (ANOVA, p = 0.51)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Individual data points for local sweat sodium concentration for each tattoo versus no tattoo comparison. The labels on the x-axis correspond with the tattoo identifier in Table 1, which are organized in ascending order from lowest to highest non-tattoo local sweating rate. Inset shows the group mean ± SD. There was no statistical difference between tattoo and non-tattoo (ANOVA, p = 0.27)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Individual data points for local sweat chloride concentration for each tattoo versus no tattoo comparison. The labels on the x-axis correspond with the tattoo identifier in Table 1, which are organized in ascending order from lowest to highest non-tattoo local sweating rate. Inset shows the group mean ± SD. There was no statistical difference between tattoo and non-tattoo (ANOVA, p = 0.31)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Individual data points for local sweat potassium concentration for each tattoo versus no tattoo comparison. The labels on the x-axis correspond with the tattoo identifier in Table 1, which are organized in ascending order from lowest to highest non-tattoo local sweating rate. Inset shows the group mean ± SD. There was no statistical difference between tattoo and non-tattoo (ANOVA, p = 0.31)
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Sweat sodium concentration difference scores for each tattoo vs. non-tattoo comparison organized by tattoo age in ascending order

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Source: PubMed

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