Primitive Reflex Activity in Relation to Motor Skills in Healthy Preschool Children

Anna Pecuch, Ewa Gieysztor, Ewelina Wolańska, Marlena Telenga, Małgorzata Paprocka-Borowicz, Anna Pecuch, Ewa Gieysztor, Ewelina Wolańska, Marlena Telenga, Małgorzata Paprocka-Borowicz

Abstract

Psychomotor development in the first year of life is possible due to activity and then integration of primitive (neonatal) reflexes. The presence of active primitive reflexes (APRs) in preschool and school-aged children indicates neuromotor immaturity. Studies show dependencies between the preserved activity of primary reflexes and developmental problems such as learning difficulties (problems with reading, writing, reduced mathematics skills, and dyslexia), difficulties with coordination, and attention deficit. The primary purpose of this study is to present the activity of three tonic reflexes in a sample of 112 Polish children aged 4-6 in relation to their motor skills. The children were examined for the presence of the asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR), symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR), and tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR). Motor performance was examined with the MOT 4-6. Statistical analysis shows an inverse correlation between the score in the test of reflexes and motor efficiency (MOT 4-6) at p < 0.05 (-0.33). Children with increased reflex activity presented a lower level of motor efficiency. The multiple regression model showed that with the older age of the child and the decrease in the level of reflex activity, the motor skills of children improve. Thus, there is a need for early screening of primitive reflexes in children. Properly selected exercises and therapeutic activities aimed at integrating APRs in children with developmental difficulties can improve their motor skills, perceptual abilities, and emotional behavior.

Keywords: neuromotor maturity; physical development; preschool children; primitive reflexes.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The examination of ATNR L. On the facial side, there is an excessive extension of the upper limb.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The examination of ATNR R. Upper limb flexion is visible on the occipital side, and pelvic movement/descent may occur.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The examination of STNR FLX. The flexion of the head is accompanied by the flexion of the arms, and hip extension may appear.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The examination of STNR EXT. The straightening of the head may accompanied by sitting on the heels and arm strength.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The examination of TLR FLX. The bend of the head is accompanied by a bent knee and slumped posture.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The examination of TLR EXT. The tilting back of the head is accompanied by climbing on the fingers and folding the hands back.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The results concerning the level of reflex activity.
Figure 8
Figure 8
The MOT 4–6 final results.

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Source: PubMed

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