Effect of trans fatty acid intake on LC-MS and NMR plasma profiles

Gözde Gürdeniz, Daniela Rago, Nathalie Tommerup Bendsen, Francesco Savorani, Arne Astrup, Lars O Dragsted, Gözde Gürdeniz, Daniela Rago, Nathalie Tommerup Bendsen, Francesco Savorani, Arne Astrup, Lars O Dragsted

Abstract

Background: The consumption of high levels of industrial trans fatty acids (TFA) has been related to cardiovascular disease, diabetes and sudden cardiac death but the causal mechanisms are not well known. In this study, NMR and LC-MS untargeted metabolomics has been used as an approach to explore the impact of TFA intake on plasma metabolites.

Methodology/principal findings: In a double-blinded randomized controlled parallel-group study, 52 overweight postmenopausal women received either partially hydrogenated soybean oil, providing 15.7 g/day of TFA (trans18:1) or control oil with mainly oleic acid for 16 weeks. Subsequent to the intervention period, the subjects participated in a 12-week dietary weight loss program. Before and after the TFA intervention and after the weight loss programme, volunteers participated in an oral glucose tolerance test. PLSDA revealed elevated lipid profiles with TFA intake. NMR indicated up-regulated LDL cholesterol levels and unsaturation. LC-MS profiles demonstrated elevated levels of specific polyunsaturated (PUFA) long-chain phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and a sphingomyelin (SM) which were confirmed with a lipidomics based method. Plasma levels of these markers of TFA intake declined to their low baseline levels after the weight loss program for the TFA group and did not fluctuate for the control group. The marker levels were unaffected by OGTT.

Conclusions/significance: This study demonstrates that intake of TFA affects phospholipid metabolism. The preferential integration of trans18:1 into the sn-1 position of PCs, all containing PUFA in the sn-2 position, could be explained by a general up-regulation in the formation of long-chain PUFAs after TFA intake and/or by specific mobilisation of these fats into PCs. NMR supported these findings by revealing increased unsaturation of plasma lipids in the TFA group. These specific changes in membrane lipid species may be related to the mechanisms of TFA-induced disease but need further validation as risk markers.

Trial registration: Registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00655902.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1. The observed retention time values…
Figure 1. The observed retention time values of identified PCs (empty circles).
Filled circles illustrate retention time of the authentic standards, PC(18:1/18:1), PC(18:0/20:4) and PC(18:0/22:6), confirming the predicted pattern.
Figure 2. Data structure and arrangement scheme.
Figure 2. Data structure and arrangement scheme.
Baseline subtraction (A) concatenation of time points (applied on LC-MS and NMR profiles), and selection of lipid classes (B) (applied on LC/MS data).
Figure 3. Permutation test results for NMR…
Figure 3. Permutation test results for NMR profiles.
Class prediction results for NMR profiles based on test set predictions of the original labelling compared to the permuted data. P-values were calculated based on the comparison of classification error of the original model against the permutations.
Figure 4. Permutation test results for LC-MS…
Figure 4. Permutation test results for LC-MS profiles at each OGTT time point.
Class prediction results for LC-MS profiles based on test set predictions of the original labelling compared to the permuted data assessed using the classification errors. TOGTT = −10 (A) TOGTT = 30 (B) TOGTT = 120 (C).
Figure 5. PC1 vs. PC2 scores plot…
Figure 5. PC1 vs. PC2 scores plot of LC-MS based lipid profiles.
The LC-MS profiles with concatenated time points including only LPCs, PCs and SMs as variables. Filled circles: TFA, empty circles: CTR.
Figure 6. Selectivity ratio of each lipid…
Figure 6. Selectivity ratio of each lipid species from the PLSDA model.
Figure 7. Normalized intensity for metabolites reflected…
Figure 7. Normalized intensity for metabolites reflected by TFA intake.
PC(40:7) (A) and SM(36:3) (B) at w0, w16 and w28. The values are the mean of samples in CTR and TFA groups. Each variable is normalized with the mean of the 9 recordings (at week 0, 16 and 28 with three OGTT time point recordings) for each subject.

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Source: PubMed

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