Incidence and characteristics of stroke in Zanzibar-a hospital-based prospective study in a low-income island population

Jutta M Adelin Jørgensen, Dirk Lund Christensen, Karoline Kragelund Nielsen, Halima Saleh Sadiq, Muhammad Yusuf Khan, Ahmed M Jusabani, Richard Walker, Jutta M Adelin Jørgensen, Dirk Lund Christensen, Karoline Kragelund Nielsen, Halima Saleh Sadiq, Muhammad Yusuf Khan, Ahmed M Jusabani, Richard Walker

Abstract

Background: Stroke in adults is a critical clinical condition and a leading cause of death and disability globally. Epidemiological data on stroke in sub-Saharan Africa are limited. This study describes incidence rates, stroke types and antecedent factors among patients hospitalized with stroke in Zanzibar.

Methods: This was a prospective, observational study of stroke patients at hospitals in Unguja, Zanzibar. Socioeconomic and demographic data were recorded alongside relevant past medical history, medicine use and risk factors. The modified National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (mNIHSS) was used to assess admission stroke severity and, when possible, stroke was confirmed by neuroimaging.

Results: A total of 869 stroke admissions were observed from 1st October 2019 through 30th September 2020. Age-standardized to the World Health Organization global population, the yearly incidence was 286.8 per 100,000 adult population (95%CI: 272.4-301.9). Among these patients, 720 (82.9%) gave consent to participate in the study. Median age of participants was 62 years (53-70), 377 (52.2%) were women, and 463 (64.3%) had a first-ever stroke. Known stroke risk factors included hypertension in 503 (72.3%) patients, of whom 279 (55.5%) reported regularly using antihypertensive medication, of whom 161 (57.7%) had used this medication within the last week before stroke onset. A total of 460 (63.9%) participants had neuroimaging performed; among these there was evidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in 140 (30.4%). Median stroke severity score using mNIHSS was 19 (10-27).

Conclusion: Zanzibar has high incidence of hospitalization for stroke, indicating a very high population incidence of stroke. The proportion of strokes due to ICH is substantially higher than in high-income countries. Most stroke patients had been in contact with health care providers prior to stroke onset and been diagnosed with hypertension. However, few were using antihypertensive medication at the time of stroke onset.www.ClinicalTrial.gov registration NCT04095806.

Keywords: CVD risk factors; Zanzibar; acute stroke; hypertension; incidence rate; low-income countries (LICs); sub-Saharan Africa.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2022 Jørgensen, Christensen, Nielsen, Sadiq, Khan, Jusabani and Walker.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Analytic samples for incidence calculation and participant characteristics.

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