Exploring a parent-focused physical literacy intervention for early childhood: a pragmatic controlled trial of the PLAYshop

Cassandra Lane, Patti-Jean Naylor, Madison Predy, Mette Kurtzhals, Ryan E Rhodes, Kayla Morton, Stephen Hunter, Valerie Carson, Cassandra Lane, Patti-Jean Naylor, Madison Predy, Mette Kurtzhals, Ryan E Rhodes, Kayla Morton, Stephen Hunter, Valerie Carson

Abstract

Background: Parents play a key role in young children's physical activity and physical literacy development. Little research has explored parent-focused interventions to improve young children's physical literacy. We examined if a theory-based, feasible physical literacy training workshop (PLAYshop) for parents could improve their physical literacy knowledge and confidence and improve parenting practices related to facilitating the physical literacy development of their preschool-aged child (3-5 years). The secondary objective was to explore implementation facilitators and barriers.

Methods: We conducted a pragmatic controlled trial in two Canadian cities (Edmonton and Victoria) from November 2019 - March 2020. A total of 143/151 parents were eligible and assigned to intervention (n = 71) or control group (n = 72). The PLAYshop included: (i) a 75-min in-person workshop with interactive activities and physical literacy educational messages, (ii) educational materials, (iii) an equipment pack, and (iv) two post-workshop booster emails. Surveys measured parents' knowledge and confidence at baseline and follow-up. Application of PLAYshop concepts and implementation facilitators and barriers were explored with interviews of parents and workshop leaders. Repeated measures ANOVAs and thematic analyses were completed.

Results: Parents' knowledge and confidence improved significantly over time; intervention group changes were significantly greater than control group changes (p < 0.001; ɳ2 = .32). Parents applied PLAYshop concepts at-home, including child-led play, making activities fun, and promoting child manipulative and locomotor skills. Time was a key parental implementation barrier. Program implementation issues varied by context (location and participants).

Conclusions: PLAYshop participation changed parents' physical literacy knowledge and confidence and physical literacy enhancing play with their children. Implementation feasibility was high. The findings from this real-world trial highlight an efficacious and scalable intervention that warrants further testing.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04394312 . Registered 19/05/2020.

Keywords: At-home; Early childhood; Implementation; Parents; Physical activity; Physical literacy.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study procedures for intervention and control groups
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
PRISMA flow diagram of participants’ progression through recruitment, group allocation, follow-up and analysis

References

    1. Carson V, Lee E-Y, Hewitt L, Jennings C, Hunter S, Kuzik N, et al. Systematic review of the relationships between physical activity and health indicators in the early years (0-4 years) BMC Public Health. 2017;17(5):854.
    1. Aubert S, Brazo-Sayavera J, González SA, Janssen I, Manyanga T, Oyeyemi AL, et al. Global prevalence of physical activity for children and adolescents; inconsistencies, research gaps, and recommendations: a narrative review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2021;18(1):81.
    1. Active healthy kids Australia (AHKA) 2018 AHKA report card on physical activity for children and Young people (long-form) University of South Australia; 2018.
    1. Tremblay MS, Longmuir PE, Barnes JD, Belanger K, Anderson KD, Bruner B, et al. Physical literacy levels of Canadian children aged 8–12 years: descriptive and normative results from the RBC learn to play–CAPL project. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(2):1036.
    1. ParticipACTION. The 2020 ParticipACTION report card on physical activity for children and youth. Toronto: ParticipACTION; 2020. Available from: .
    1. International physical literacy association. Physical literacy definition. 2017. Available from: .
    1. Shearer C, Goss HR, Edwards LC, Keegan RJ, Knowles ZR, Boddy LM, et al. How is physical literacy defined? A contemporary update. J Teach Phys Educ. 2018;37(3):237–245.
    1. Whitehead M. Physical literacy: throughout the lifecourse. Routledge; 2010.
    1. Rhodes RE, McEwan D, Rebar AL. Theories of physical activity behaviour change: a history and synthesis of approaches. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2019;42:100–109.
    1. Michie S, Johnston M, Francis J, Hardeman W, Eccles M. From theory to intervention: mapping theoretically derived behavioural determinants to behaviour change techniques. Appl Psychol. 2008;57(4):660–680.
    1. Michie S, Atkins L, West R. The behaviour change wheel. 1st ed. Great Britain: Silverback Publishing; 2014.
    1. Tremblay MS, Costas-Bradstreet C, Barnes JD, Bartlett B, Dampier D, Lalonde C, et al. Canada’s physical literacy consensus statement: process and outcome. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(2):1034.
    1. World Health Organization . Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: more active people for a healthier world. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
    1. Cairney J, Dudley D, Kwan M, Bulten R, Kriellaars D. Physical literacy, physical activity and health: toward an evidence-informed conceptual model. Sports Med. 2019;49(3):371–383.
    1. Edwards LC, Bryant AS, Keegan RJ, Morgan K, Jones AM. Definitions, foundations and associations of physical literacy: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2017;47(1):113–126.
    1. Harter S. Effectance motivation reconsidered. Toward a developmental model. Hum Dev. 1978;21(1):34–64.
    1. Stodden DF, Goodway JD, Langendorfer SJ, Roberton MA, Rudisill ME, Garcia C, et al. A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: an emergent relationship. Quest. 2008;60(2):290–306.
    1. Brian A, Bardid F, Barnett LM, Deconinck FJ, Lenoir M, Goodway JD. Actual and perceived motor competence levels of Belgian and United States preschool children. J Mot Learn Dev. 2018;6(s2):S320–SS36.
    1. Lopes V, Barnett L, Rodrigues L. Is there an association among actual motor competence, perceived motor competence, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in preschool children? J Mot Learn Dev. 2016;4(2):129–141.
    1. LeGear M, Greyling L, Sloan E, Bell RI, Williams B-L, Naylor P-J, et al. A window of opportunity? Motor skills and perceptions of competence of children in kindergarten. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9(1):1–5.
    1. Jones D, Innerd A, Giles EL, Azevedo LB. Association between fundamental motor skills and physical activity in the early years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sport Health Sci. 2020;9(6):542–52.
    1. De Meester A, Barnett LM, Brian A, Bowe SJ, Jimenez-Diaz J, Van Duyse F, et al. The relationship between actual and perceived motor competence in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2020;50(11):2001–49.
    1. Higgs C, Cairney J, Jurbala P, Dudley D, Way R, Mitchell D. Developing physical literacy—Building a new normal for all Canadians. 2019. Available from: .
    1. Gabbard C. Lifelong motor development. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2021.
    1. Craigie AM, Lake AA, Kelly SA, Adamson AJ, Mathers JC. Tracking of obesity-related behaviours from childhood to adulthood: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2011;70(3):266–284.
    1. World Health Organization . Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.
    1. Carl J, Barratt J, Töpfer C, Cairney J, Pfeifer K. How are physical literacy interventions conceptualized?–a systematic review on intervention design and content. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2021;58:102091.
    1. Brown HE, Atkin AJ, Panter J, Wong G, Chinapaw MJ, Van Sluijs E. Family-based interventions to increase physical activity in children: a systematic review, meta-analysis and realist synthesis. Obes Rev. 2016;17(4):345–360.
    1. Messing S, Rütten A, Abu-Omar K, Ungerer-Röhrich U, Goodwin L, Burlacu I, et al. How can physical activity be promoted among children and adolescents? A systematic review of reviews across settings. Front Public Health. 2019;7:55.
    1. Rhodes RE, Perdew M, Malli S. Correlates of parental support of child and youth physical activity: a systematic review. Int J Behav Med. 2020;27(6):36–46.
    1. Morgan PJ, Lubans DR, Plotnikoff RC, Callister R, Burrows T, Fletcher R, et al. The'Healthy dads, healthy Kids' community effectiveness trial: study protocol of a community-based healthy lifestyle program for fathers and their children. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):876.
    1. Morgan PJ, Collins CE, Plotnikoff RC, Callister R, Burrows T, Fletcher R, et al. The ‘healthy dads, healthy kids’ community randomized controlled trial: a community-based healthy lifestyle program for fathers and their children. Prev Med. 2014;61:90–99.
    1. Barnes AT, Plotnikoff RC, Collins CE, Morgan PJ. Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the MADE4Life program: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Phys Act Health. 2015;12(10):1378–1393.
    1. Lane C, Carson V, Morton K, Reno K, Wright C, Predy M, et al. A real-world feasibility study of the PLAYshop: a brief intervention to facilitate parent engagement in developing their child’s physical literacy. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2021;7(1):113.
    1. Rhodes RE, Guerrero MD, Vanderloo LM, Barbeau K, Birken CS, Chaput J-P, et al. Development of a consensus statement on the role of the family in the physical activity, sedentary, and sleep behaviours of children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):1–31.
    1. Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc; 1986.
    1. Des Jarlais DC, Lyles C, Crepaz N, Group T Improving the reporting quality of nonrandomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: the TREND statement. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(3):361–366.
    1. Curran GM, Bauer M, Mittman B, Pyne JM, Stetler C. Effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs. Med Care. 2012;50(3):217–226.
    1. World Health Organization & ExpandNet . Beginning with the end in mind: planning pilot projects and other programmatic research for successful scaling up. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
    1. Milat A, Lee K, Conte K, Grunseit A, Wolfenden L, Van Nassau F, et al. Intervention scalability assessment tool: a decision support tool for health policy makers and implementers. Health Res Policy Syst. 2020;18(1):1–17.
    1. Naylor P-J, Temple VA. Enhancing the capacity to facilitate physical activity in home-based child care settings. Health Promot Pract. 2013;14(1):30–37.
    1. Bélanger M, Humbert L, Vatanparast H, Ward S, Muhajarine N, Chow AF, et al. A multilevel intervention to increase physical activity and improve healthy eating and physical literacy among young children (ages 3-5) attending early childcare centres: the healthy start-Départ Santé cluster randomised controlled trial study protocol. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1–10.
    1. Barblett L, Knaus M, Barratt-Pugh C. The pushes and pulls of pedagogy in the early years: competing knowledges and the erosion of play-based learning. Aust J Early Child. 2016;41(4):36–43.
    1. Kothari A, Rudman D, Dobbins M, Rouse M, Sibbald S, Edwards N. The use of tacit and explicit knowledge in public health: a qualitative study. Implement Sci. 2012;7(1):1–12.
    1. Connell N, Klein JH, Powell PL. It's tacit knowledge but not as we know it: redirecting the search for knowledge. J Oper Res Soc. 2003;54(2):140–152.
    1. Shortt CA, Webster CA, Keegan RJ, Egan CA, Brian AS. Operationally conceptualizing physical literacy: results of a Delphi study. J Teach Phys Educ. 2019;38(2):91–104.
    1. Foulkes JD, Foweather L, Fairclough SJ, Knowles Z. “I wasn’t sure what it meant to be honest”—formative research towards a physical literacy intervention for preschoolers. Children. 2020;7(7):76.
    1. Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377–381.
    1. Davison KK, Li K, Baskin ML, Cox T, Affuso O. Measuring parental support for children's physical activity in white and African American parents: the activity support scale for multiple groups (ACTS-MG) Prev Med. 2011;52(1):39–43.
    1. Mâsse LC, O’Connor TM, Lin Y, Carbert NS, Hughes SO, Baranowski T, et al. The physical activity parenting practices (PAPP) item Bank: a psychometrically validated tool for improving the measurement of physical activity parenting practices of parents of 5–12-year-old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):1–17.
    1. Shrout PE. Measurement reliability and agreement in psychiatry. Stat Methods Med Res. 1998;7(3):301–317.
    1. Heitzler CD, Martin SL, Duke J, Huhman M. Correlates of physical activity in a national sample of children aged 9–13 years. Prev Med. 2006;42(4):254–260.
    1. Fritz CO, Morris PE, Richler JJ. Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2012;141(1):2.
    1. QSR International Pty Ltd. NVivo (released March 2020), Available from: .
    1. Gale NK, Heath G, Cameron E, Rashid S, Redwood S. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13(1):117.
    1. Patton MQ. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods 3ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications; 2002.
    1. Lincoln Y, Guba EG. Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications; 1985.
    1. Morgan PJ, Collins CE, Barnes AT, Pollock ER, Kennedy S-L, Drew RJ, et al. Engaging fathers to improve physical activity and nutrition in themselves and in their preschool-aged children: the “healthy youngsters, healthy dads” feasibility trial. J Phys Act Health. 2021;18(2):175.
    1. Morgan PJ, Young MD, Barnes AT, Eather N, Pollock ER, Lubans DR. Engaging fathers to increase physical activity in girls: the “dads and daughters exercising and empowered”(DADEE) randomized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med. 2018;53(1):39–52.
    1. Sohun R, MacPhail A, MacDonncha C. Physical activity parenting practices in Ireland: a qualitative analysis. Sport Educ Soc. 2021;26(3):281–294.
    1. Smith BJ, Grunseit A, Hardy LL, King L, Wolfenden L, Milat A. Parental influences on child physical activity and screen viewing time: a population based study. BMC Public Health. 2010;10(1):593.
    1. Hamilton K, Hatzis D, Kavanagh DJ, White KM. Exploring parents’ beliefs about their Young Child’s physical activity and screen time Behaviours. J Child Fam Stud. 2015;24(9):2638–2652.
    1. Rhodes RE, Berry T, Craig CL, Faulkner G, Latimer-Cheung A, Spence JC, et al. Understanding parental support of child physical activity behavior. Am J Health Behav. 2013;37(4):469–477.
    1. Rhodes RE, Lim C. Promoting parent and child physical activity together: elicitation of potential intervention targets and preferences. Health Educ Behav. 2018;45(1):112–123.
    1. Moore SA, Faulkner G, Rhodes RE, Brussoni M, Chulak-Bozzer T, Ferguson LJ, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: a national survey. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):1–11.
    1. Wolfenden L, Bolsewicz K, Grady A, McCrabb S, Kingsland M, Wiggers J, et al. Optimisation: defining and exploring a concept to enhance the impact of public health initiatives. Health Res Policy Syst. 2019;17(1):1–13.
    1. Morgan PJ, Young MD. The influence of fathers on Children’s physical activity and dietary behaviors: insights, recommendations and future directions. Curr Obes Rep. 2017;6(3):324–333.
    1. Milat AJ, Bauman AE, Redman S, Curac N. Public health research outputs from efficacy to dissemination: a bibliometric analysis. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):1–9.

Source: PubMed

스폰서 및 공동 작업자

건강 상태

약물 개입

3
구독하다