Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation

Holly Hodges, Casey Fealko, Neelkamal Soares, Holly Hodges, Casey Fealko, Neelkamal Soares

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. There have been recent concerns about increased prevalence, and this article seeks to elaborate on factors that may influence prevalence rates, including recent changes to the diagnostic criteria. The authors review evidence that ASD is a neurobiological disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors affecting the developing brain, and enumerate factors that correlate with ASD risk. Finally, the article describes how clinical evaluation begins with developmental screening, followed by referral for a definitive diagnosis, and provides guidance on screening for comorbid conditions.

Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD); etiology; evaluation; medical comorbidity; prevalence; screening.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

2020 Translational Pediatrics. All rights reserved.

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