The Spanish Version of the Child Medical Fear Questionnaire: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation

Leticia San Martín-Rodríguez, Nelia Soto-Ruiz, Marta Ferraz-Torres, Cristina García-Vivar, Amaia Saralegui-Gainza, Paula Escalada-Hernández, Leticia San Martín-Rodríguez, Nelia Soto-Ruiz, Marta Ferraz-Torres, Cristina García-Vivar, Amaia Saralegui-Gainza, Paula Escalada-Hernández

Abstract

Having valid and reliable tools that help health professionals to assess fear in children undergoing medical procedures is essential to offer humanised and quality of care in the paediatric population. The aim of this study was to develop the cross-cultural adaptation and the evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the "Child Medical Fear Scale" in its shortened version (CMFS-R). The design consisted of two phases: first, of cross-cultural adaptation and second, of the psychometric validation of the CMFS-R with a sample of 262 children from Spain, applying a cross-sectional design. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess construct validity and the Cronbach's alpha and the adjusted item-total score correlation coefficients were performed to study reliability. The results confirmed internal consistency and construct validity of the Spanish version of the CMFS-R, indicating that the scale has an acceptable level of validity and reliability. Therefore, this study brings a new version of the scale to assess fear related to medical procedures for use in the Spanish paediatric population.

Keywords: Spanish; children; cross-cultural adaptation; medical fear; psychometric properties.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
CFA for the 4-factor structure.

References

    1. Dalley J.S., McMurtry C.M. Teddy and I Get a Check-Up: A Pilot Educational Intervention Teaching Children Coping Strategies for Managing Procedure-Related Pain and Fear. Pain Res. Manag. 2016;2016:4383967. doi: 10.1155/2016/4383967.
    1. McMurtry C.M., Riddell R.P., Taddio A., Racine N., Asmundson G.J.G., Noel M., Chambers C., Shah V. Far From “Just a Poke”. Clin. J. Pain. 2015;31:S3–S11. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000272.
    1. Hart D., Bossert E. Self-reported fears of hospitalized school-age children. J. Pediatr. Nurs. 1994;9:83–90.
    1. Salmela M., Salanterä S., Aronen E.T. Coping with hospital-related fears: Experiences of pre-school-aged children. J. Adv. Nurs. 2010;66:1222–1231. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05287.x.
    1. Salmela M., Aronen E.T., Salanterä S. The experience of hospital-related fears of 4- to 6-year-old children. Child Care Health Dev. 2011;37:719–726. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01171.x.
    1. Nicastro E.A., Whetsell M.V. Children’s fears. J. Pediatr. Nurs. 1999;14:392–402. doi: 10.1016/S0882-5963(99)80068-2.
    1. Steward M.S., Steward D.S. Children’s conceptions of medical procedures. New Dir. Child Adolesc. Dev. 1981;1981:67–83. doi: 10.1002/cd.23219811406.
    1. Broome M.E., Hellier A.P. School-Age Childrens Fears of Medical Experiences. Issues Compr. Pediatr. Nurs. 1987;10:77–86. doi: 10.3109/01460868709009015.
    1. Broome M., Hellier A., Wilson T., Dale S., Glanville C. Measuring children’s fear of medical experiences. In: Waltz C.F., Strickland O.L., editors. Measurement of Nursing Outcomes: Vol: Measuring Client Outcomes. Springer Publishing; New York, NY, USA: 1988. pp. 201–214.
    1. Beyer J.E., Knott C.B. Construct validity estimation for the African-American and Hispanic versions of the Oucher Scale. J. Pediatr. Nurs. 1998;13:20–31. doi: 10.1016/S0882-5963(98)80065-1.
    1. Broome M., Mobley T. The child medical fears scale. In: Strickland O.L., Dilorio C., editors. Measurement of Nursing Outcomes Volume 2: Client Outcomes and Quality Care. 2nd ed. Springer Publishing Company; New York, NY, USA: 2003. pp. 196–205.
    1. Foster R.L., Park J.-H. An Integrative Review of Literature Examining Psychometric Properties of Instruments Measuring Anxiety or Fear in Hospitalized Children. Pain Manag. Nurs. 2012;13:94–106. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2011.06.006.
    1. Mahat G., Scoloveno M. Comparison of fears and coping strategies reported by Nepalese school-age children and their parents. J. Pediatr. Nurs. 2003;18:305–313. doi: 10.1016/S0882-5963(03)00102-7.
    1. Wilson A.H., Yorker B. Fears of Medical Events Among School-Age Children with Emotional Disorders, Parents, and Health Care Providers. Issues Ment. Health Nurs. 1997;18:57–71. doi: 10.3109/01612849709006540.
    1. Broome M.E., Bates T.A., Lillis P.P., McGahee T.W. Children’s medical fears, coping behaviour patterns and pain perceptions during a lumbar puncture. Eur. J. Cancer Care. 1994;3:31–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.1994.tb00007.x.
    1. Sparks L. Taking the “Ouch” Out of Injections for Children. MCN Am. J. Matern. Nurs. 2001;26:72–78. doi: 10.1097/00005721-200103000-00005.
    1. Jin Y. Master’s Thesis. Nursing Science Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai, Thailand: 1997. [(accessed on 1 September 2019)]. Selected Factors Associated with Medical Fear among Hospitalized Chinese School Age Children. Available online: .
    1. Abu-Saad H., Pool H., Tulkens B. Further validity testing of the Abu-Saad Paediatric Pain Assessment Tool. J. Adv. Nurs. 1994;19:1063–1071. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01189.x.
    1. Chaiywat W., Brown J.K. Psychometric properties of the Thai versions of state-trait anxiety inventory for children and child medical fear scale. Res. Nurs. Health. 2000;23:406–414. doi: 10.1002/1098-240X(200010)23:5<406::AID-NUR7>;2-I.
    1. Brislin R.W. Back-translation for cross-cultural research. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 1970;1:185–216. doi: 10.1177/135910457000100301.
    1. Sperber A.D. Translation and validation of study instruments for cross-cultural research. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:S124–S128. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.10.016.
    1. Hayduk L.A. Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL. Essentials and Advances. The Johns; Baltimore, MD, USA: 1987.
    1. Jöreskog K.G. Structural Equation Modeling with Ordinal Variables Using LISREL. 2002. [(accessed on 1 April 2021)]. Available online: .
    1. Jöreskog K.G. In: Testing Structural Equation Model. Bollen K.A., Long J.S., editors. SAGE Publications; Newbury Park, CA, USA: 1993. pp. 294–312.
    1. Muthén B. A general structural equation model with dichotomous, ordered categorical, and continuous latent variable indicators. Psychometrika. 1984;49:115–132. doi: 10.1007/BF02294210.
    1. Aroian K.J., Norris A.E. Confirmatory Factor Analysis. In: Munro B.H., editor. Statistical Methods for Health Care Research. 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 2005. pp. 351–375.
    1. Ral A., Varela J., Abalo J., Lévy J. El análisis factorial confirmatorio. In: Lévy J., Varela J., editors. Modelización con Estructuras de Covarianzas en Ciencias Sociales: Temas Esenciales, Avanzados y Aportaciones Especiales. Netbiblo; A Coruña, Spain: 2006. pp. 119–154.
    1. Koller D. ‘Kids need to talk too’: Inclusive practices for children’s healthcare education and participation. J. Clin. Nurs. 2017;26:2657–2668. doi: 10.1111/jocn.13703.
    1. Lööf G., Andersson-Papadogiannakis N., Silén C. Children’s own perspectives demonstrate the need to improve paediatric perioperative care. Nurs. Open. 2019;6:1363–1371. doi: 10.1002/nop2.332.
    1. Mulaik S.A., James L.R., Van Alstine J., Bennett N., Lind S., Stilwell C.D. Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychol. Bull. 1989;105:430–445. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.430.
    1. Tanguma J. Effects of Sample Size on the Distribution of Selected Fit Indices: A Graphical Approach. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 2001;61:759–776. doi: 10.1177/00131640121971509.
    1. Browne M.W., MacCallum R.C., Kim C.-T., Andersen B.L., Glaser R. When fit indices and residuals are incompatible. Psychol. Methods. 2002;7:403–421. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.403.
    1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 (R.)) American Psychiatric Association Publishing; Washington, DC, USA: 2013.
    1. Dela-Fuentes B., Quintana M., Rimbau J., Martínez-Mejías A., Úriz M.S., Rivera-Pérez C., Garolera M. Anxiety, hospital fears and conduct and behavioral alterations during pediatric hospitalization. Actas Esp. Psiquiatr. 2018;46:42–50.
    1. Bray L., Appleton V., Sharpe A. The information needs of children having clinical procedures in hospital: Will it hurt? Will I feel scared? What can I do to stay calm? Child: Care, Health Dev. 2019;45:737–743. doi: 10.1111/cch.12692.
    1. Bray L., Appleton V., Sharpe A. ‘If I knew what was going to happen, it wouldn’t worry me so much’: Children’s, parents’ and health professionals’ perspectives on information for children undergoing a procedure. J. Child Health Care. 2019;23:626–638. doi: 10.1177/1367493519870654.
    1. Wecher S. School-Age Children’s Perception of Stress in the Hospital: A Drawand Tell Story. 2014. [(accessed on 10 February 2021)]. Available online: .
    1. Nunnally J. Psychometric Theory. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill; New York, NY, USA: 1994.
    1. Pedhazur E.J., Schmelkin L.P. Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; Hillsdale, NJ, USA: 1991.
    1. Polit D.F., Beck C.T. Nursing Research: Principles and Methods. 7th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 2004.
    1. Ebel R.L., Frisbie D.A. Essentials of Educational Measurement. Prentice-Hall; Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: 1986.
    1. Jaaniste T., Hayes B., von Baeyer C.L. Providing children with information about forthcoming medical procedures: A review and synthesis. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 2007;14:124–143. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00072.x.
    1. Taddio A., Ipp M., Thivakaran S., Jamal A., Parikh C., Smart S., Sovran J., Stephens D., Katz J. Survey of the prevalence of immunization non-compliance due to needle fears in children and adults. Vaccine. 2012;30:4807–4812. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.011.

Source: PubMed

스폰서 및 공동 작업자

건강 상태

약물 개입

3
구독하다