Reaction time performance in ADHD: improvement under fast-incentive condition and familial effects

Abstract

Background: Reaction time (RT) variability is one of the strongest findings to emerge in cognitive-experimental research of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We set out to confirm the association between ADHD and slow and variable RTs and investigate the degree to which RT performance improves under fast event rate and incentives. Using a group familial correlation approach, we tested the hypothesis that there are shared familial effects on RT performance and ADHD.

Method: A total of 144 ADHD combined-type probands, 125 siblings of the ADHD probands and 60 control participants, ages 6-18, performed a four-choice RT task with baseline and fast-incentive conditions.

Results: ADHD was associated with slow and variable RTs, and with greater improvement in speed and RT variability from baseline to fast-incentive condition. RT performance showed shared familial influences with ADHD. Under the assumption that the familial effects represent genetic influences, the proportion of the phenotypic correlation due to shared familial influences was estimated as 60-70%.

Conclusions: The data are inconsistent with models that consider RT variability as reflecting a stable cognitive deficit in ADHD, but instead emphasize the extent to which energetic or motivational factors can have a greater effect on RT performance in ADHD. The findings support the role of RT variability as an endophenotype mediating the link between genes and ADHD.

Figures

Fig. A1

Path diagrams for the relationship between two phenotypes that correlate. r is the phenotypic correlation between the two latent variables.

Fig. 1

Mean reaction time (MRT) in baseline and fast-incentive conditions (with 95% confidence intervals): ADHD probands (–●–), siblings of probands (–○–) and control group (–▼–).

Fig. 2

Reaction time (RT) variability in baseline and fast-incentive conditions (with 95% confidence intervals): ADHD probands (–●–), siblings of probands (–○–) and control group (–▼–).

Fig. 3

Coefficient of variation (CV) in baseline and fast-incentive conditions (with 95% confidence intervals): ADHD probands (–●–), siblings of probands (–○–) and control group (–▼–).