Frontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Induces Dopamine Release in the Ventral Striatum in Human

Clara Fonteneau, Jérome Redoute, Frédéric Haesebaert, Didier Le Bars, Nicolas Costes, Marie-Françoise Suaud-Chagny, Jérome Brunelin, Clara Fonteneau, Jérome Redoute, Frédéric Haesebaert, Didier Le Bars, Nicolas Costes, Marie-Françoise Suaud-Chagny, Jérome Brunelin

Abstract

A single transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) session applied over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFPC) can be associated with procognitive effects. Furthermore, repeated DLPFC tDCS sessions are under investigation as a new therapeutic tool for a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. A possible mechanism explaining such beneficial effects is a modulation of meso-cortico-limbic dopamine transmission. We explored the spatial and temporal neurobiological effects of bifrontal tDCS on subcortical dopamine transmission during and immediately after the stimulation. In a double blind sham-controlled study, 32 healthy subjects randomly received a single session of either active (20 min, 2 mA; n = 14) or sham (n = 18) tDCS during a dynamic positron emission tomography scan using [11C]raclopride binding. During the stimulation period, no significant effect of tDCS was observed. After the stimulation period, compared with sham tDCS, active tDCS induced a significant decrease in [11C]raclopride binding potential ratio in the striatum, suggesting an increase in extracellular dopamine in a part of the striatum involved in the reward-motivation network. The present study provides the first evidence that bifrontal tDCS induces neurotransmitter release in polysynaptic connected subcortical areas. Therefore, levels of dopamine activity and reactivity should be a new element to consider for a general hypothesis of brain modulation by bifrontal tDCS.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
(A) Study design. (B) Transcranial direct current stimulation bifrontal montage. (C) Hammersmith maximum probability brain atlas used as a striatal mask including the caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens. Abbreviations: DLPFC, Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
(A) Kinetic analysis. (i) Time–activity curve in the striatum and the cerebellum (ii) Binding potential ratio in the striatum; for both groups across the 20 PET frames (5 min per frame). (B) Parametric analysis—Subsequent after-effects of the stimulation in different clusters when comparing the baseline period to the Post2 period (Puncorr < 0.001 at the voxel level, with a minimum of 10 contiguous voxels (80-mm3)). For the significant cluster (PFWE < 0.05 at the cluster level), the BPR kinetic curves for both groups across the 20 PET frames (5 min per frame) are extracted and are expressed as BPR ratio (% of baseline). The anatomical subparts of the striatum (i.e., caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens) were named based on the Hammersmith maximum probability brain atlas. Abbreviations: Bas., Baseline period; Stim, Stimulation period; Red curve, Active tDCS; Blue curve, Sham tDCS, BPR, Binding Potential Ratio; TACs, Time–Activity Curves.

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