Effects of short-term endurance exercise on gut microbiota in elderly men

Hirokazu Taniguchi, Kumpei Tanisawa, Xiaomin Sun, Takafumi Kubo, Yuri Hoshino, Masahito Hosokawa, Haruko Takeyama, Mitsuru Higuchi, Hirokazu Taniguchi, Kumpei Tanisawa, Xiaomin Sun, Takafumi Kubo, Yuri Hoshino, Masahito Hosokawa, Haruko Takeyama, Mitsuru Higuchi

Abstract

Regular exercise reduces the risks for cardiovascular diseases. Although the gut microbiota has been associated with fitness level and cardiometabolic risk factors, the effects of exercise-induced gut microbiota changes in elderly individuals are unclear. This study evaluated whether endurance exercise modulates the gut microbiota in elderly subjects, and whether these changes are associated with host cardiometabolic phenotypes. In a randomized crossover trial, 33 elderly Japanese men participated in a 5-week endurance exercise program. 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomic analyses revealed that the effect of endurance exercise on gut microbiota diversity was not greater than interindividual differences, whereas changes in α-diversity indices during intervention were negatively correlated with changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, especially during exercise. Microbial composition analyses showed that the relative abundance of Clostridium difficile significantly decreased, whereas that of Oscillospira significantly increased during exercise as compared to the control period. The changes in these taxa were correlated with the changes in several cardiometabolic risk factors. The findings indicate that short-term endurance exercise has little effect on gut microbiota in elderly individuals, and that the changes in gut microbiota were associated with cardiometabolic risk factors, such as systolic and diastolic blood pressure, providing preliminary insight into the associations between the gut microbiota and cardiometabolic phenotypes.

Keywords: Clostridium difficile; Oscillospira; Cardiovascular health; PICRUSt; microbiome.

© 2018 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of the randomized crossover trial.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Gut microbial communities during exercise and control periods. Images represent individual principal coordinate analysis plots showing gut microbial communities at the operational taxonomic unit level before and after the exercise intervention based on (A and D) unweighted UniFrac distance, (B and E) weighted UniFrac distance, and (C and F) Bray‐Curtis dissimilarity matrices. In the upper figures (A–C), same colors on plots indicate the same individual before and after exercise. In the lower figures (D–F), blue plots represent individuals before exercise and red plots represent individuals after exercise.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Association between changes in α‐diversity indices and changes in brachial blood pressure during intervention. Associations between (A) Shannon index and SBP, (B) observed OTUs and SBP, (C) Shannon index and DBP, (D) observed OTUs and DBP. Open circles represent changes in values during the exercise period; closed circles represent changes in values during control periods. Correlation was evaluated by Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Comparison of changes in the relative abundance of (A) Oscillospira and (B) Clostridium difficile between exercise and control periods. Changes in the relative abundance of Oscillospira and C. difficile are presented as box‐plots with the median value and interquartile range. Significant differences were evaluated by the Mann–Whitney U test. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Changes in predicted metagenome functions that were significantly different between control and exercise periods. Changes in the relative abundance of each metagenomic function predicted based on the KEGG database are presented as box‐plots with the median value and the interquartile range. Significant differences were evaluated by the Mann–Whitney U test. All of the changes in metagenomic functions were significantly different between the exercise and control periods at the significance level of 0.05 and FDR < 0.3.

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