Measuring self-care in the general adult population: development and psychometric testing of the Self-Care Inventory

Michela Luciani, Maddalena De Maria, Shayleigh Dickson Page, Claudio Barbaranelli, Davide Ausili, Barbara Riegel, Michela Luciani, Maddalena De Maria, Shayleigh Dickson Page, Claudio Barbaranelli, Davide Ausili, Barbara Riegel

Abstract

Background: Self-care is important at all stages of life and health status to promote well-being, prevent disease, and improve health outcomes. Currently, there is a need to better conceptualize self-care in the general adult population and provide an instrument to measure self-care in this group. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the Self-Care Inventory (SCI), a theory-based instrument to measure self-care in the general adult population.

Methods: Based on the Middle Range Theory of Self-Care, the 20-item SCI was developed with three scales: Self-Care Maintenance (8 items), Self-Care Monitoring (6 items), and Self-Care Management (6 items). A cross sectional study with a US-based sample (n = 294) was conducted to test the SCI. Internal validity was assessed with Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Internal consistency reliability was assessed with Cronbach alpha for unidimensional scales or composite reliability and the global reliability index for multidimensional scales. Construct validity was investigated with Pearson correlation to test the relationship between general self-efficacy, positivity, stress, and self-care scores.

Results: The Self-Care Maintenance and Management scales were multidimensional and the Self-Care Monitoring scale was unidimensional. The global reliability index for multidimensional scales was 0.85 (self-care maintenance) and 0.88 (self-care management). Cronbach alpha coefficient of the self-care monitoring scale was 0.88. Test-retest reliability was 0.81 (self-care maintenance), 0.91 (self-care monitoring), and 0.76 (self-care management). The General Self-Efficacy Scale was positively related to all three self-care scale scores: self-care maintenance r = 0.46, p < 0. 001, self-care monitoring r = 0.31, p < 0. 001, and self-care management r = 0.32, p < 0. 001. The positivity score was positively related to self-care maintenance (r = 0.42, p < 0. 001), self-care monitoring (r = 0.29, p < 0. 001), and self-care management (r = 0.34, p < 0. 001) scores. The perceived stress was positively related to the self-care management (r = 0.20, p < 0. 001) score.

Conclusions: The SCI is a theoretically based instrument designed to measure self-care in the general adult population. Preliminary evidence of validity and reliability supports its use in the general adult population.

Keywords: General adult population; Middle range theory of self-care of chronic illness; Psychometrics; Public health; Self-care.

Conflict of interest statement

None of the authors have a conflict of interest related to this study.

The Self-care Inventory is available on the website: self-care-measures.com. Non-commercial use of the Self-care Inventory is free to clinicians and researchers after permission and completion of an Instrument Use Agreement. If the Self-care Inventory is to be used in a funded trial or commercially, specific arrangements will be negotiated upon request. Translations of the instrument are possible after permission and completion of an Instrument Translation Agreement.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Graphic representation of the Self-Care Maintenance scale of the SCI. Note. Results of the confirmatory factor analysis with the full sample of 294. The standardized solution of the Mplus output is reported
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Graphic representation of the Self-Care Monitoring scale of the SCI. Note. Results of the confirmatory factor analysis with the full sample of 294. The standardized solution of the Mplus output is reported
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Graphic representation of the Self-Care Management scale of the SCI. Note. Results of the confirmatory factor analysis with the full sample of 294. The standardized solution of the Mplus output is reported

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