Packages of care for depression in low- and middle-income countries

Vikram Patel, Gregory Simon, Neerja Chowdhary, Sylvia Kaaya, Ricardo Araya, Vikram Patel, Gregory Simon, Neerja Chowdhary, Sylvia Kaaya, Ricardo Araya

Abstract

In the first in a series of six articles on packages of care for mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries, Neerja Chowdary and colleagues discuss the treatment of depression.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

References

    1. WHO. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2004.
    1. Goldberg D, Huxley P. Common mental disorders: a biosocial model. London: Tavistock/Routledge; 1992.
    1. Wang PS, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Borges G, et al. Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys. Lancet. 2007;370:841–850.
    1. Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Posada-Villa J, Gasquet I, Kovess V, et al. Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. JAMA. 2004;291:2581–2590.
    1. Patel V, Lund C, Heatherill S, Plagerson S, Corrigal J, et al. Social determinants of mental disorders. In: Blas E, Sivasankara Kurup A, editors. Priority public health conditions: from learning to action on social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
    1. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e442. doi: .
    1. Lopez DA, Mathers DC, Ezzati M, Jamison TD, Murray JLC. Global burden of disease and risk factors. New York: Oxford University Press and The World Bank; 2006.
    1. Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, Tandon A, Patel V, et al. Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet. 2007;370:851–858.
    1. Sarna A, Pujari S, Sengar AK, Garg R, Gupta I, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy & its determinants amongst HIV patients in India. Indian J Med Res. 2008;127:28–36.
    1. Prince M, Patel V, Saxena S, Maj M, Maselko J, et al. No health without mental health. Lancet. 2007;370:859–877.
    1. Mulrow CD, Williams JW, Jr, Gerety MB, Ramirez G, Montiel OM, et al. Case-finding instruments for depression in primary care settings. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:913–921.
    1. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003;41:1284–1292.
    1. Wittkampf KA, Naeije L, Schene AH, Huyser J, van Weert HC. Diagnostic accuracy of the mood module of the Patient Health Questionnaire: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2007;29:388–395.
    1. Patel V, Araya R, Chowdhary N, King M, Kirkwood B, et al. Detecting common mental disorders in primary care in India: a comparison of five screening questionnaires. Psychol Med. 2008;38:221–228.
    1. Hanlon C, Medhin G, Alem A, Araya M, Abdulahi A, et al. Detecting perinatal common mental disorders in Ethiopia: validation of the self-reporting questionnaire and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. J Affect Disord. 2008;108:251–262.
    1. Baggaley RF, Ganaba R, Filippi V, Kere M, Marshall T, et al. Detecting depression after pregnancy: the validity of the K10 and K6 in Burkina Faso. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:1225–1229.
    1. Araya R, Wynn R, Lewis G. Comparison of two self administered psychiatric questionnaires (GHQ-12 and SRQ-20) in primary care in Chile. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1992;27:168–173.
    1. Lewis G, Araya RI. Is the General Health Questionnaire (12 item) a culturally biased measure of psychiatric disorder? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1995;30:20–25.
    1. Lewis G, Pelosi AJ, Araya R, Dunn G. Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: a standardized assessment for use by lay interviewers. Psychol Med. 1992;22:465–486.
    1. Mari JJ, Williams P. A comparison of the validity of two psychiatric screening questionnaires (GHQ-12 and SRQ-20) in Brazil, using Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Psychol Med. 1985;15:651–659.
    1. Mari JJ, Williams P. A validity study of a psychiatric screening questionnaire (SRQ-20) in primary care in the city of Sao Paulo. Br J Psychiatry. 1986;148:23–26.
    1. Pollock JI, Manaseki-Holland S, Patel V. Detection of depression in women of child-bearing age in non-Western cultures: a comparison of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20 in Mongolia. J Affect Disord. 2006;92:267–271.
    1. Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, Ustun TB, Piccinelli M, et al. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med. 1997;27:191–197.
    1. Panel DG. Clinical practice guideline number 5: depression in primary care. Rockville (Maryland): U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services, Agency for Health Policy and Research; 1993. AHCPR publication number 93-0550.
    1. Williams J, Mulrow C, Chiquette E, Noel P, Aguilar C, et al. A systematic review of newer pharmacotherapies for depression in adults: evidence review summary. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:743–756.
    1. Gartlehner G, Gaynes BN, Hansen RA, Thieda P, DeVeaugh-Geiss A, et al. Comparative benefits and harms of second-generation antidepressants: background paper for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:734–750.
    1. Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Geddes JR, Higgins JP, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373:746–758.
    1. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Depression: management of depression in primary and secondary care. London: NICE; 2004.
    1. Hetrick SE, Merry SN, McKenzie J, Sindahl P, Proctor M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for depressive disorders in children and adolescents. 2007. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD004851. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004851.pub2.
    1. Kaymaz N, van Os J, Loonen AJ, Nolen WA. Evidence that patients with single versus recurrent depressive episodes are differentially sensitive to treatment discontinuation: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:1423–1436.
    1. Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R. Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:252–260.
    1. Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, et al. Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e45. doi: .
    1. Mathew SJ, Charney DS. Publication bias and the efficacy of antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:140–145.
    1. Patel V, Chisholm D, Rabe-Hesketh S, Dias-Saxena F, Andrew G, et al. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a drug and psychological treatment for common mental disorders in general health care in Goa, India: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:33–39.
    1. Rojas G, Fritsch R, Solis J, Jadresic E, Castillo C, et al. Treatment of postnatal depression in low-income mothers in primary-care clinics in Santiago, Chile: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:1629–1637.
    1. Araya R, Rojas G, Fritsch R, Gaete J, Rojas M, et al. Treating depression in primary care among low-income women in Santiago, Chile: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:995–1000.
    1. Kilonzo GP, Kaaya SF, Rweikiza JK, Kassam M, Moshi G. Determination of appropriate clomipramine dosage among depressed African outpatients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Cent Afr J Med. 1994;40:178–182.
    1. Dandara C, Masimirembwa CM, Magimba A, Sayi J, Kaaya S, et al. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 in east- and southern African populations including psychiatric patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;57:11–17.
    1. Dobson K. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of cognitive therapy for depression. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1989;57:414–419.
    1. Gloaguen V, Cottraux J, Cucherat M, Blackburn I. A meta-analysis of the effects of cognitie therapy in depressed patients. J Affect Disord. 1998;49:59–72.
    1. de Mello M, de Jesus Mari J, Bacaltchuk J, Verdeli H, Neugelbauer R. A systematic review of research findings on the efficacy of interpersonal therapy for depressive disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;255:75–82.
    1. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, van Schaik A, Andersson G. Psychological treatment of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Br J Gen Pract. 2009;59:e51–e60.
    1. Ekers D, Richards D, Gilbody S. A meta-analysis of randomized trials of behavioural treatment of depression. Psychol Med. 2008;38:611–623.
    1. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Warmerdam L. Problem solving therapies for depression: a meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry. 2007;22:9–15.
    1. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Andersson G, van Oppen P. Psychotherapy for depression in adults: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008;76:909–922.
    1. Rahman A, Malik A, Sikander S, Roberts C, Creed F. Cognitive behaviour therapy-based intervention by community health workers for mothers with depression and their infants in rural Pakistan: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:902–909.
    1. Bolton P, Bass J, Neugebauer R, Verdeli H, Clougherty KF, et al. Group interpersonal psychotherapy for depression in rural Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289:3117–3124.
    1. Bolton P, Bass J, Betancourt T, Speelman L, Onyango G, et al. Interventions for depression symptoms among adolescent survivors of war and displacement in northern Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298:519–527.
    1. Patel V, Weiss H, Mann A. Predictors of outcome in patients with common mental disorders receiving a brief psychological treatment: an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial from Goa, India. African Journal of Psychiatry. 2009 In press.
    1. Pagnin D, de Queiroz V, Pini S, Cassano GB. Efficacy of ECT in depression: a meta-analytic review. J Ect. 2004;20:13–20.
    1. Tharyan P. The evidence for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the treatment of severe late-life depression. ECT for depressed elderly: what is the evidence and is the evidence enough? Int Psychogeriatr. 2007;19:27–35; discussion 24–26.
    1. Prudic J, Olfson M, Marcus SC, Fuller RB, Sackeim HA. Effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy in community settings. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55:301–312.
    1. Chanpattana W, Kramer BA, Kunigiri G, Gangadhar BN, Kitphati R, et al. A survey of the practice of electroconvulsive therapy in Asia. J ECT. 2009 In press.
    1. Regier DA, Hirschfeld RM, Goodwin FK, Burke JD, Jr, Lazar JB, et al. The NIMH Depression Awareness, Recognition, and Treatment Program: structure, aims, and scientific basis. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:1351–1357.
    1. Paykel ES, Tylee A, Wright A, Priest RG, Rix S, et al. The Defeat Depression Campaign: psychiatry in the public arena. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:59–65.
    1. Rahman A, Mubbashar MH, Gater R, Goldberg D. Randomised trial of impact of school mental-health programme in rural Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Lancet. 1998;352:1022–1025.
    1. WHO. Integrating mental health into primary care: a global perspective. Geneva: World Health Organization and World Organization of Family Doctors (Wonca); 2008.
    1. Bolton P. Cross-cultural validity and reliability testing of a standard psychiatric assessment instrument without a gold standard. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2001;189:238–242.
    1. Kaaya SF, Fawzi MC, Mbwambo JK, Lee B, Msamanga GI, et al. Validity of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 amongst HIV-positive pregnant women in Tanzania. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002;106:9–19.
    1. Unutzer J, Katon W, Callahan CM, Williams JW, Jr, Hunkeler E, et al. Collaborative care management of late-life depression in the primary care setting: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:2836–2845.
    1. Chisholm D, Sekar K, Kumar K, Saeed S, James S, et al. Integration of mental health care into primary care. Demonstration cost-outcome study in India and Pakistan. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;176:581–588.
    1. Bower P, Gilbody S, Richards D, Fletcher J, Sutton A. Collaborative care for depression in primary care: making sense of a complex intervention: systematic review and meta-regression. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:484–493.
    1. Patel VH, Kirkwood BR, Pednekar S, Araya R, King M, et al. Improving the outcomes of primary care attenders with common mental disorders in developing countries: a cluster randomized controlled trial of a collaborative stepped care intervention in Goa, India. Trials. 2008;9:4.
    1. Chatterjee S, Chowdhary N, Pednekar S, Cohen A, Andrew G, et al. Integrating evidence-based treatments for common mental disorders in routine primary care: feasibility and acceptability of the MANAS intervention in Goa, India. World Psychiatry. 2008;7:39–46.
    1. Wells KB, Sherbourne C, Schoenbaum M, Duan N, Meredith L, et al. Impact of disseminating quality improvement programs for depression in managed primary care: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000;283:212–220.
    1. Fritsch R, Araya R, Solis J, Montt E, Pilowsky D, et al. [A randomized trial of pharmacotherapy with telephone monitoring to improve treatment of depression in primary care in Santiago, Chile]. Rev Med Chil. 2007;135:587–595.
    1. Wiley-Exley E. Evaluations of community mental health care in low- and middle-income countries: a 10-year review of the literature. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64:1231–1241.
    1. Morrell CJ, Slade P, Warner R, Paley G, Dixon S, et al. Clinical effectiveness of health visitor training in psychologically informed approaches for depression in postnatal women: pragmatic cluster randomised trial in primary care. BMJ. 2009;338:a3045.
    1. Dennis CL, Hodnett E, Kenton L, Weston J, Zupancic J, et al. Effect of peer support on prevention of postnatal depression among high risk women: multisite randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2009;338:a3064.
    1. Hamadani JD, Huda SN, Khatun F, Grantham-McGregor SM. Psychosocial stimulation improves the development of undernourished children in rural Bangladesh. J Nutr. 2006;136:2645–2652.
    1. Gardner JM, Walker SP, Powell CA, Grantham-McGregor S. A randomized controlled trial of a home-visiting intervention on cognition and behavior in term low birth weight infants. J Pediatr. 2003;143:634–639.
    1. Vijayakumar L, Pirkis J, Whiteford H. Suicide in developing countries (3): prevention efforts. Crisis. 2005;26:120–124.
    1. Wang PS, Simon GE, Avorn J, Azocar F, Ludman EJ, et al. Telephone screening, outreach, and care management for depressed workers and impact on clinical and work productivity outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298:1401–1411.
    1. WHO. ICD-10. 2nd edition. Geneva: WHO; 2005.
    1. Patel V, Chisholm D, Rabe-Hesketh S, Dias-Saxena F, Andrew G, et al. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of drug and psychological treatments for common mental disorders in general health care in Goa, India: a randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:33–39.
    1. Tol WA, Komproe IH, Susanty D, Jordans MJ, Macy RD, et al. School-based mental health intervention for children affected by political violence in Indonesia: a cluster randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300:655–662.
    1. Kaaya SF, Lee B, Mbwambo JK, Smith-Fawzi MC, Leshabari MT. Detecting depressive disorder with a 19-item local instrument in Tanzania. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2008;54:21–33.
    1. Rahman A. Challenges and opportunities in developing a psychological intervention for perinatal depression in rural Pakistan–a multi-method study. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2007;10:211–219.
    1. Bolton P, Tang AM. Using ethnographic methods in the selection of post-disaster, mental health interventions. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2004;19:97–101.
    1. Dietrich AJ, Oxman TE, Williams JW, Jr, Schulberg HC, Bruce ML, et al. Re-engineering systems for the treatment of depression in primary care: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2004;329:602.
    1. WHO. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. Geneva: World Health Organisation Noncomunicable Diseases and Mental Health Adherence to long-term therapies project; 2003.
    1. Morrell CJ, Spiby H, Stewart P, Walters S, Morgan A. Costs and effectiveness of community postnatal support workers: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2000;321:593–598.
    1. van Oostrom SH, Anema JR, Terluin B, de Vet HC, Knol DL, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a workplace intervention for sick-listed employees with common mental disorders: design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:12.

Source: PubMed

스폰서 및 공동 작업자

건강 상태

약물 개입

3
구독하다