Joint Microbiota Activity and Dietary Assessment through Urinary Biomarkers by LC-MS/MS

Victoria Ramos-Garcia, Isabel Ten-Doménech, Alba Moreno-Giménez, Laura Campos-Berga, Anna Parra-Llorca, María Gormaz, Máximo Vento, Melina Karipidou, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Eirini Mamalaki, Eirini Bathrellou, Julia Kuligowski, Victoria Ramos-Garcia, Isabel Ten-Doménech, Alba Moreno-Giménez, Laura Campos-Berga, Anna Parra-Llorca, María Gormaz, Máximo Vento, Melina Karipidou, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Eirini Mamalaki, Eirini Bathrellou, Julia Kuligowski

Abstract

Accurate dietary assessment in nutritional research is a huge challenge, but essential. Due to the subjective nature of self-reporting methods, the development of analytical methods for food intake and microbiota biomarkers determination is needed. This work presents an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the quantification and semi quantification of 20 and 201 food intake biomarkers (BFIs), respectively, as well as 7 microbiota biomarkers applied to 208 urine samples from lactating mothers (M) (N = 59). Dietary intake was assessed through a 24 h dietary recall (R24h). BFI analysis identified three distinct clusters among samples: samples from clusters 1 and 3 presented higher concentrations of most biomarkers than those from cluster 2, with dairy products and milk biomarkers being more concentrated in cluster 1, and seeds, garlic and onion in cluster 3. Significant correlations were observed between three BFIs (fruits, meat, and fish) and R24h data (r > 0.2, p-values < 0.01, Spearman correlation). Microbiota activity biomarkers were simultaneously evaluated and the subgroup patterns detected were compared to clusters from dietary assessment. These results evidence the feasibility, usefulness, and complementary nature of the determination of BFIs, R24h, and microbiota activity biomarkers in observational nutrition cohort studies.

Keywords: dietary assessment; food-intake; lactating mothers; microbiota biomarkers; nutrition biomarkers; urine.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
R24h food groups intake in lactating mothers. Note: Horizontal black line represents recommended intake according to the World Health Organization diet guidelines for lactating mothers. (Red dot = median; blue circle (open) = standard outlier (1.5 - 3.0 × IQR); blue circle (closed) = extreme outlier (≥ 3.0 × IQR)).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Significant paired correlations among BFIs (Pearson’s correlation, p-value < 0.05).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Number of metabolites and detection frequencies of the semi-quantitative analysis. Note: (*) Potato, cocoa, mushrooms, legumes and nuts.
Figure 4
Figure 4
BFIs patterns in mothers’ urine samples. Top: Hierarchical clustering analysis revealing three sub-groups within the study samples (left) and PCA scores plot (right). Bottom: loadings plot (left) and PCA scores plot with Simpson’s Index of Diversity classes (right).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Mean R24h food group values for clusters 1 to 3.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Significant correlations among BFIs and R24h food groups (Spearman’s correlation, p-value < 0.05). Note: (*) p-value < 0.001.

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