Extracellular vesicles as circulating cancer biomarkers: opportunities and challenges

R E Lane, D Korbie, M M Hill, M Trau, R E Lane, D Korbie, M M Hill, M Trau

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, lipid-bound particles containing nucleic acid and protein cargo which are excreted from cells under a variety of normal and pathological conditions. EVs have garnered substantial research interest in recent years, due to their potential utility as circulating biomarkers for a variety of diseases, including numerous types of cancer. The following review will discuss the current understanding of the form and function of EVs, their specific role in cancer pathogenesis and their potential for non-invasive disease diagnosis and/or monitoring. This review will also highlight several key issues for this field, including the importance of implementing robust and reproducible sample handling protocols, and the challenge of extracting an EV-specific biomarker signal from a complex biological background.

Keywords: Biomarker; Cancer; Exosome; Extracellular vesicle; Microvesicle.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Schematic of the process of exosome and microvesicle secretion. Exosomes are endosomally derived, and bud inside an intermediate structure known as a multi-vesicular element (MVE). The MVE subsequently fuses with the plasma membrane of the cell, releasing the contents. Microvesicles bud directly from the plasma membrane surface, preceded by a rearrangement of the membrane lipid bilayer and the local cytoskeleton
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Timeline of key discoveries in extracellular vesicle research. Microvesicles were first reported in the 1960’s, and exosomes in the 1980’s. The physiological role of EVs in antigen presentation and cell–cell communication were first reported in the 1990’s and 2000’s respectively. From the late 2000’s onwards, several key works have highlighted the role of tumour EVs in promoting cancer growth and metastasis, and highlighted their potential utility as biomarkers

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Source: PubMed

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