Seasonal changes in proportion of cardiac surgeries associated with diabetes, smoking and elderly age

Abstract

Background: Seasonal variations in the ambient temperature may affect the exacerbation of cardiovascular diseases. Our primary objective was to evaluate the seasonality of the monthly proportion of cardiac surgeries associated with diabetes, smoking and/or elderly age at a tertiary-care university hospital in East-Central Europe with a temperate climate zone. As a secondary objective, we also assessed whether additional factors affecting small blood vessels (smoking, aging, obesity) modulate the seasonal variability of diabetes.

Methods: Medical records were analyzed for 9838 consecutive adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery in 2007-2018. Individual seasonal variations of diabetes, smoking, and elderly patients were analyzed monthly, along with the potential risk factors for cardiovascular complication. We also characterized whether pairwise coexistence of diabetes, smoking, and elderly age augments or blunts the seasonal variations.

Results: Seasonal variations in the monthly proportion of cardiac surgeries associated with diabetes, smoking and/or elderly age were observed. The proportion of cardiac surgeries of non-elderly and smoking patients with diabetes peaked in winter (amplitude of change as [peak-nadir]/nadir: 19.2%, p<0.02), which was associated with increases in systolic (6.1%, p<0.001) and diastolic blood pressures (4.4%, p<0.05) and serum triglyceride levels (27.1%, p<0.005). However, heart surgery in elderly patients without diabetes and smoking was most frequently required in summer (52.1%, p<0.001). Concomitant occurrence of diabetes and smoking had an additive effect on the requirement for cardiac surgery (107%, p<0.001), while the simultaneous presence of older age and diabetes or smoking eliminated seasonal variations.

Conclusions: Scheduling regular cardiovascular control in accordance with periodicities in diabetes, elderly, and smoking patients more than once a year may improve patient health and social consequences.

Trial registration: NCT03967639.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Consort flowchart.

Group allocation ana analyses of cardiac surgery patients with diabetes mellitus only (T2DM alone), smoking (SM alone), and aging (Elderly alone). Groups containing pairwise (T2DM + SM, T2DM + Elderly, and SM + Elderly) and concomitant combination (“All”) significant factors were also separated. “None” denotes no occurrence of these risk factors. The total of 9881 patients were enrolled in the study period. Forty-three patients were excluded from the data set due to incomplete registration of the anthropometric outcomes and/or blood sample analyses (n = 27), or subsequent to the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (n = 16). As a result, 9838 cardiac surgery patients were included in the analyses.

Fig 2. Seasonal changes in the proportion of surgeries associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM only), smoking (SM only), and aging (Elderly only) for the monthly aggregated data over the 12-year study period (January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2018).

Fig 3. Seasonal changes in the proportion of surgeries associated with combined smoking and aging (SM + Elderly), type 2 diabetes mellitus and aging (T2DM + Elderly), and type 2 diabetes mellitus and smoking (T2DM + SM) for the monthly aggregated data over the 12-year study period (January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2018).

Fig 4. Monthly temperature (mean and SD) calculated from the daily averages according to the Hungarian Meteorological Service for the 12-year study period (January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2018) in South-East Hungary.