Associations between gestational weight gain and BMI, abdominal adiposity, and traditional measures of cardiometabolic risk in mothers 8 y postpartum

Abstract

Background: Researchers have proposed biologically plausible mechanisms linking excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) to maternal metabolic and cardiovascular diseases later in life.

Objective: The objective was to determine the extent to which GWG was associated with abdominal adiposity and other cardiometabolic risk factors in a sample of women 4-12 y after delivery.

Design: We used data from The Women's and Infants' Study of Healthy Hearts, a cohort of women who gave birth between 1997 and 2002 at Magee-Womens Hospital in Pittsburgh, PA. By design, women with small-for-gestational-age and preterm births were oversampled. Women with preeclampsia, prepregnancy hypertension, or diabetes were excluded. GWG was ascertained from prenatal records, and GWG adequacy was assessed according to 2009 Institute of Medicine/National Research Council guidelines. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference (WC) >88 cm and weight change as current weight - prepregnancy weight.

Results: The prevalence of inadequate, adequate, and excessive GWG was 22% (107/478), 30% (145/478), and 47% (226/478), respectively. The analyses were adjusted for age at outcome assessment, prepregnancy BMI, marital status and insurance at delivery, race, smoking during target pregnancy, and current education, parity, and smoking. Associations between excessive GWG and blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, and metabolic syndrome were null. However, women with excessive GWG had a 3.6-kg (1.5, 5.6) greater weight change, a 3.2-cm (1.2, 5.2) greater WC, and 3-fold greater odds of abdominal obesity (2.9; 1.6, 5.1) compared with women who gained weight as recommended.

Conclusion: Excessive GWG is associated with long-term maternal abdominal adiposity, which may increase a woman's risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease.

Figures

FIGURE 1.

Flowchart of participant recruitment and data analysis (final analytic sample, n = 478). GWG, gestational weight gain; SGA, small for gestational age.