Endophthalmitis: Pathogenesis, clinical presentation, management, and perspectives

M Kernt, A Kampik, M Kernt, A Kampik

Abstract

Endophthalmitis is a rare but sight-threatening complication that can occur after ocular surgery or trauma or as a consequence of systemic infection. To optimize visual outcome, early diagnosis and treatment are essential. Over recent decades, advances in hygienic standards, improved microbiologic and surgical techniques, development of powerful antimicrobial drugs, and the introduction of intravitreal antibiotic therapy have led to a decreased incidence and improved management of endophthalmitis. However, endophthalmitis still represents a serious clinical problem. This review focuses on current principles and techniques for evaluation and treatment of endophthalmitis. In addition, it addresses recent developments regarding antimicrobial treatment and prophylaxis of infectious endophthalmitis.

Keywords: antibiotics; caspofungin; endophthalmitis; intravitreal; moxifloxacin; victrectomy; voriconazole.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Anterior chamber inflammation, mild corneal edema, and hypopyon in bacterial endophthalmitis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Leukocornea as a result of massive corneal edema and complete hypopyon in advanced Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Posterior hypopyon in bacterial endophthalmitis imaged with Optomap widefield fundus imaging.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Localized epiretinal infiltrates of fluffy creamy white appearance in Candida endophthalmitis.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Exogenous fungal endophthalmitis with corneal ulcer.

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