Serum IL-12 is increased in Mexican obese subjects and associated with low-grade inflammation and obesity-related parameters

K Suárez-Álvarez, L Solís-Lozano, S Leon-Cabrera, A González-Chávez, G Gómez-Hernández, M S Quiñones-Álvarez, A E Serralde-Zúñiga, J Hernández-Ruiz, J Ramírez-Velásquez, F J Galindo-González, J C Zavala-Castillo, M A De León-Nava, G Robles-Díaz, G Escobedo, K Suárez-Álvarez, L Solís-Lozano, S Leon-Cabrera, A González-Chávez, G Gómez-Hernández, M S Quiñones-Álvarez, A E Serralde-Zúñiga, J Hernández-Ruiz, J Ramírez-Velásquez, F J Galindo-González, J C Zavala-Castillo, M A De León-Nava, G Robles-Díaz, G Escobedo

Abstract

Interleukin-(IL-) 12 has been recently suggested to participate during development of insulin resistance in obese mice. Nevertheless, serum IL-12 levels have not been accurately determined in overweight and obese humans. We thus studied serum concentrations of IL-12 in Mexican adult individuals, examining their relationship with low-grade inflammation and obesity-related parameters. A total of 147 healthy individuals, 43 normal weight, 61 overweight, and 43 obese subjects participated in the study. Circulating levels of IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ), leptin, insulin, glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were measured after overnight fasting in all of the study subjects. Waist circumference and body fat percentage were recorded for all the participants. Serum IL-12 was significantly higher in overweight and obese individuals than in normal weight controls. Besides being strongly related with body mass index (r = 0.5154), serum IL-12 exhibited a significant relationship with abdominal obesity (r = 0.4481), body fat percentage (r = 0.5625), serum glucose (r = 0.3158), triglyceride (r = 0.3714), and TNF- α (r = 0.4717). Thus, serum levels of IL-12 are increased in overweight and obese individuals and show a strong relationship with markers of low-grade inflammation and obesity in the Mexican adult population. Further research is needed to understand the role of IL-12 in developing obesity-associated alterations in humans.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Serum levels of IL-12 in obese and nonobese individuals. Circulating levels of IL-12 (a) were assessed in normal weight, overweight, and obese subjects, according to the World Health Organization criteria for body mass index (BMI). In the study population, serum concentrations of IL-12 (b) were also evaluated in terms of abdominal obesity. Serum IL-12 was elevated in overweight and obese individuals, as well as in subjects exhibiting abdominal obesity. For women, abdominal obesity was considered when the waist measurement was 88 cm or higher, whereas for men, it was considered when the waist measurement was 102 cm or higher. Data are expressed as median and interquartile range in a box plot analysis. The mean value of IL-12 is graphically showed in a red asterisk. Differences were considered significant when P < 0.05.  ‡P < 0.0001.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Relationship between serum levels of IL-12 and anthropometric parameters of obesity. Serum IL-12 values were positively associated with body mass index (BMI) (a), waist circumference (b), and body fat percentage (c). Coefficients (r) and P values were calculated by the Spearman's correlation model. The correlation level was considered significant when P < 0.05.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Relationship of the serum levels of IL-12 with fasting blood glucose, fasting blood insulin, and HOMA-IR. Serum IL-12 showed a positive significant association with high glucose levels (a), but not with insulin (b) or insulin resistance (c). The level of insulin resistance was estimated using the HOMA-IR index, which results from the next equation: fasting insulin concentration (mU/L) × fasting glucose concentration (mmol/L) divided by 22.5. Coefficients (r) and P values were calculated by the Spearman's correlation model. The correlation level was considered significant when P < 0.05.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Relationship of the serum levels of IL-12 with total triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Serum IL-12 showed a positive significant association with high triglyceride levels (a), but not with total cholesterol (b). Coefficients (r) and P values were calculated by the Spearman's correlation model. The correlation level was considered significant when P < 0.05.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Relationship of the serum levels of IL-12 with systemic low-grade inflammation markers. Serum IL-12 showed a positive significant association with circulating levels of TNF-α (a), but not with leptin (b). Coefficients (r) and P values were calculated by the Spearman's correlation model. The correlation level was considered significant when P < 0.05.

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