Use of the informational spectrum methodology for rapid biological analysis of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: prediction of potential receptor, natural reservoir, tropism and therapeutic/vaccine target

Veljko Veljkovic, Júlia Vergara-Alert, Joaquim Segalés, Slobodan Paessler, Veljko Veljkovic, Júlia Vergara-Alert, Joaquim Segalés, Slobodan Paessler

Abstract

A novel coronavirus recently identified in Wuhan, China (SARS-CoV-2) has expanded the number of highly pathogenic coronaviruses affecting humans. The SARS-CoV-2 represents a potential epidemic or pandemic threat, which requires a quick response for preparedness against this infection. The present report uses the informational spectrum methodology to identify the possible origin and natural host of the new virus, as well as putative therapeutic and vaccine targets. The performed in silico analysis indicates that the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and, to a lesser degree, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV. Moreover, the well-known SARS-CoV receptor (ACE2) might be a putative receptor for the novel virus as well. Actin protein was also suggested as a host factor that participates in cell entry and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2; therefore, drugs modulating biological activity of this protein (e.g. ibuprofen) were suggested as potential candidates for treatment of this viral infection. Additional results indicated that civets and poultry are potential candidates for the natural reservoir of the SARS-CoV-2, and that domain 288-330 of S1 protein from the SARS-CoV-2 represents promising therapeutic and/or vaccine target.

Keywords: 2019-nCoV; MERS; SARS; Wuhan coronavirus.

Conflict of interest statement

No competing interests were disclosed.

Copyright: © 2021 Veljkovic V et al.

Figures

Figure 1.. Cross-spectrum (CS) of S1 proteins.
Figure 1.. Cross-spectrum (CS) of S1 proteins.
(a) CS of S1 from SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2; (b) CS of Bat SARS-like CoV and SARS-CoV-2. The abscissa represents the frequencies from the Fourier transform of the sequence of electron-ion interaction potential corresponding to the amino-acid sequence of proteins. The lowest frequency is 0.0 and the highest is 0.5. The ordinate represents the signal-to-noise ratio (the ratio between signal intensity at one particular IS frequency and the main value of the whole spectrum, S/N).
Figure 2.. Informational spectrum method-based phylogenetic tree…
Figure 2.. Informational spectrum method-based phylogenetic tree for S1 proteins from SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Bat SARS-like CoV and SARS-CoV-2.
The frequency F(0.257) as the distance measure was used.
Figure 3.. Cross-spectrum of ACE2 and S1…
Figure 3.. Cross-spectrum of ACE2 and S1 proteins from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
The abscissa and the ordinate are as described in Figure 1.
Figure 4.. Domain of S1 protein which…
Figure 4.. Domain of S1 protein which is important for SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 interaction.
(a) Mapping of the domain of S1 protein from SARS-CoV-2 (BetaCoV/Wuhan/IVDC-HB-01/2019) which gives the dominant contribution to the information represented with the frequency F(0.257). (b) Sequence homology between domains of S1 proteins from SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 with essential contribution to the information corresponding to the frequency F(0.257).
Figure 5.. CS of S1 proteins from…
Figure 5.. CS of S1 proteins from SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 and actin proteins.
(a) CS of S1 proteins from human SARS-CoV; (b) CS of S1 proteins from SARS-CoV-2; (c) CS of mammalian actin proteins. The abscissa and the ordinate are as described in Figure 1.

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