Initial activation state, stimulation intensity and timing of stimulation interact in producing behavioral effects of TMS

Juha Silvanto, Silvia Bona, Zaira Cattaneo, Juha Silvanto, Silvia Bona, Zaira Cattaneo

Abstract

Behavioral effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have been shown to depend on various factors, such as neural activation state, stimulation intensity, and timing of stimulation. Here we examined whether these factors interact, by applying TMS at either sub- or suprathreshold intensity (relative to phosphene threshold, PT) and at different time points during a state-dependent TMS paradigm. The state manipulation involved a behavioral task in which a visual prime (color grating) was followed by a target stimulus which could be either congruent, incongruent or partially congruent with the color and orientation of the prime. In Experiment 1, single-pulse TMS was applied over the early visual cortex (V1/V2) or Vertex (baseline) at the onset of the target stimulus - timing often used in state-dependent TMS studies. With both subthreshold and suprathreshold stimulation, TMS facilitated the detection of incongruent stimuli while not significantly affecting other stimulus types. In Experiment 2, TMS was applied at 100ms after target onset -a time window in which V1/V2 is responding to visual input. Only TMS applied at suprathreshold intensity facilitated the detection of incongruent stimuli, with no effect with subthreshold stimulation. The need for higher stimulation intensity is likely to reflect reduced susceptibility to TMS of neurons responding to visual stimulation. Furthermore, the finding that in Experiment 2 only suprathreshold TMS induced a behavioral facilitation on incongruent targets (whereas facilitations in the absence of priming have been reported with subthreshold TMS) indicates that priming, by reducing neural excitability to incongruent targets, shifts the facilitatory/inhibitory range of TMS effects.

Keywords: TMS; facilitation; priming; reaction times; state dependency.

Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Timeline of an experimental trial. On each trial, participants were presented with a prime that was either a red–black or green–black grating, tilted either clockwise or counterclockwise. This was followed by a target which could be either fully congruent with the prime (i.e. the same stimulus), fully incongruent (i.e. both color and orientation differed), or partially congruent (either color or orientation matched the prime). Participants had to indicate the color of diagonals of the stimulus target (red or green). In this figure, a fully congruent trial (i.e. prime and target matched for both color and orientation) is depicted. In Experiment 1, Single-pulse TMS was delivered at target onset over either V1/V2 region or over the Vertex (baseline) at either 80% or 120% of participant’s PT. In Experiment 2, single pulse of TMS was applied at 100 ms after stimulus onset. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Mean (n = 16) of the median RTs (milliseconds) of correct responses as a function of TMS site and prime-target congruency in Experiment 1 for subthreshold (panel A) and suprathreshold (panel B) TMS. In Experiment 1, TMS was applied at target onset. For both TMS intensities, V1/V2 TMS facilitated performance of fully incongruent trials (relative to Vertex TMS) while having no significant effect on either fully congruent, color congruent or orientation congruent trials. Errors bars indicate ± 1 SEM.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Mean (n = 17) of the median RTs (milliseconds) of correct responses as a function of TMS site and prime-target congruency in Experiment 2 for subthreshold TMS (panel A) and suprathreshold TMS (panel B). In Experiment 2, TMS was applied 100 ms after target onset. With suprathreshold TMS, V1/V2 TMS facilitated performance of fully incongruent trials (relative to Vertex TMS) while having no significant effect on either fully congruent trials, color congruent or orientation congruent trials. Subthreshold TMS had no effects on any target type. Errors bars indicate ± 1 SEM.

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Source: PubMed

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