Trends in postpartum hemorrhage in high resource countries: a review and recommendations from the International Postpartum Hemorrhage Collaborative Group

Marian Knight, William M Callaghan, Cynthia Berg, Sophie Alexander, Marie-Helene Bouvier-Colle, Jane B Ford, K S Joseph, Gwyneth Lewis, Robert M Liston, Christine L Roberts, Jeremy Oats, James Walker, Marian Knight, William M Callaghan, Cynthia Berg, Sophie Alexander, Marie-Helene Bouvier-Colle, Jane B Ford, K S Joseph, Gwyneth Lewis, Robert M Liston, Christine L Roberts, Jeremy Oats, James Walker

Abstract

Background: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Several recent publications have noted an increasing trend in incidence over time. The international PPH collaboration was convened to explore the observed trends and to set out actions to address the factors identified.

Methods: We reviewed available data sources on the incidence of PPH over time in Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, the United Kingdom and the USA. Where information was available, the incidence of PPH was stratified by cause.

Results: We observed an increasing trend in PPH, using heterogeneous definitions, in Australia, Canada, the UK and the USA. The observed increase in PPH in Australia, Canada and the USA was limited solely to immediate/atonic PPH. We noted increasing rates of severe adverse outcomes due to hemorrhage in Australia, Canada, the UK and the USA.

Conclusion: Key Recommendations 1. Future revisions of the International Classification of Diseases should include separate codes for atonic PPH and PPH immediately following childbirth that is due to other causes. Also, additional codes are required for placenta accreta/percreta/increta. 2. Definitions of PPH should be unified; further research is required to investigate how definitions are applied in practice to the coding of data. 3. Additional improvement in the collection of data concerning PPH is required, specifically including a measure of severity. 4. Further research is required to determine whether an increased rate of reported PPH is also observed in other countries, and to further investigate potential risk factors including increased duration of labor, obesity and changes in second and third stage management practice. 5. Training should be provided to all staff involved in maternity care concerning assessment of blood loss and the monitoring of women after childbirth. This is key to reducing the severity of PPH and preventing any adverse outcomes. 6. Clinicians should be more vigilant given the possibility that the frequency and severity of PPH has in fact increased. This applies particularly to small hospitals with relatively few deliveries where management protocols may not be defined adequately and drugs or equipment may not be on hand to deal with unexpected severe PPH.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Trends in a) all PPH and b) Atonic PPH obtained from coded data sources.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Trends in PPH using other data a) PPH in Victoria, Australia and b) Severe obstetric hemorrhage in Scotland.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Proportion of deliveries with induced labor. Note that the sources of data and definitions of induction used differ between countries and these data are included to show temporal trends and not for the purposes of inter-country comparison of rates.

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