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Self-Directed Learning for Pulmonary Ultrasound Education

29 juni 2026 bijgewerkt door: Samuel Agostino, University of Turin, Italy

"Scaling Up Ultrasound Education Without Scaling Up Tutors: A Randomized Controlled Equivalence Trial of Self-Directed Learning for Pulmonary Pathology Recognition"

This study compared two ways of teaching medical students how to recognize lung conditions using ultrasound images.

All participants were third-year medical students taking part in a structured ultrasound training session at the University of Turin. Students were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group learned lung ultrasound pathology recognition with direct guidance from a tutor. The other group used a self-directed digital learning tool called MEDQUIZ, which allowed students to review clinical cases and ultrasound videos independently.

The main goal of the study was to determine whether self-directed learning was equivalent to tutor-guided instruction for recognizing pulmonary ultrasound findings. Students completed ultrasound image-based assessments before and after the training. The assessments evaluated their ability to recognize anatomical structures, distinguish normal from abnormal findings, and identify specific lung conditions such as pneumonia, pleural effusion, interstitial syndrome, and pneumothorax.

The study also evaluated student satisfaction with the learning experience.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Voltooid

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

This was a single-center, randomized, controlled equivalence trial conducted at the SimTO Advanced Medical Simulation Center, University of Turin, Italy. The study included third-year medical students enrolled in the curricular "Approach to Ultrasound" internship.

Before the in-person training session, all students completed online instructional materials on thoracic and abdominal ultrasound. During the internship, students participated in a structured two-hour ultrasound training session composed of four 30-minute stations. The stations included hands-on scanning of healthy volunteers and case-based pathology recognition activities.

At the thoracic pathology station, students were randomly assigned to either tutor-guided learning or self-directed learning. In the tutor-guided group, students worked through pulmonary ultrasound cases with direct supervision, clinical reasoning guidance, and feedback from a tutor. In the self-directed learning group, students used MEDQUIZ, a purpose-built digital learning tool that presented clinical cases, patient information, and lung ultrasound video clips in an interactive format.

The primary outcomes were based on pre-training and post-training assessments using ultrasound video cases. Students were assessed on three levels of competency: recognition of the anatomical structure shown in the ultrasound clip, classification of the finding as physiological or pathological, and identification of the specific pulmonary condition when a pathological finding was present. An overall case resolution score was also calculated.

Secondary outcomes included student satisfaction with the simulation-based learning experience, assessed at the end of the internship.

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Werkelijk)

385

Fase

  • Niet toepasbaar

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studie Locaties

  • Italië
    • Italy
      • Turin, Italy, Italië, 10126
        • Advanced Medical Simulation Center- SimTO, School of Medicine, Turin, Italy

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

  • Kind
  • Volwassen
  • Oudere volwassene

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Ja

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Third-year medical students enrolled in the "Approach to Ultrasound" curricular internship at the University of Turin
  • Limited or no prior ultrasound experience
  • No previous formal specialized ultrasound training
  • Provision of informed consent for data collection

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Inability to attend the complete ultrasound training session and both assessment sessions
  • Physical or medical conditions limiting participation in hands-on ultrasound practice
  • Refusal to provide informed consent for data collection

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Ander
  • Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
  • Masker: Enkel

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Actieve vergelijker: Tutor-Guided Learning
Participants assigned to this arm completed the thoracic pathology recognition station with direct tutor guidance. During the session, students reviewed pulmonary ultrasound cases through structured case-based learning, received real-time clinical reasoning guidance, and were provided with immediate corrective feedback by a trained tutor. All other components of the ultrasound internship were identical to those completed by the self-directed learning group.
Gedragsmatig: Tutor-Guided Learning
Participants completed the thoracic pathology recognition station with direct tutor guidance. During the 30-minute station, students reviewed pulmonary ultrasound cases through structured case-based learning, received real-time clinical reasoning guidance, and were provided with immediate corrective feedback by a trained tutor.
Experimenteel: Self-Directed Learning
Participants assigned to this arm completed the thoracic pathology recognition station using MEDQUIZ, a purpose-built self-directed digital learning tool. Students independently reviewed clinical cases, patient information, and pulmonary ultrasound video clips without structured tutor guidance. The tool included learning materials that remained available during the session. All other components of the ultrasound internship were identical to those completed by the tutor-guided learning group.
Gedragsmatig: Self-Directed Learning
Participants used MEDQUIZ, a purpose-built digital learning tool, to complete the thoracic pathology recognition station independently. The tool presented clinical cases, patient information, learning materials, and pulmonary ultrasound video clips. Students reviewed the cases and answered independently without structured tutor guidance during the 30-minute station.

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Anatomical Structure Recognition Accuracy
Tijdsspanne: Immediately before and immediately after the 3-hour ultrasound training session
Percentage of pulmonary ultrasound cases in which participants correctly identified the anatomical structure shown in the ultrasound video clip.
Immediately before and immediately after the 3-hour ultrasound training session
Physiological Versus Pathological Discrimination Accuracy
Tijdsspanne: Immediately before and immediately after the 3-hour ultrasound training session
Percentage of pulmonary ultrasound cases in which participants correctly classified the ultrasound finding as physiological or pathological.
Immediately before and immediately after the 3-hour ultrasound training session
Pulmonary Pathology Identification Accuracy
Tijdsspanne: Immediately before and immediately after the 3-hour ultrasound training session
Percentage of pathological pulmonary ultrasound cases in which participants correctly identified the specific pulmonary condition shown in the ultrasound video clip, including pneumonia or consolidation, interstitial syndrome, pleural effusion, or pneumothorax.
Immediately before and immediately after the 3-hour ultrasound training session
Overall Pulmonary Ultrasound Case Resolution Score
Tijdsspanne: Immediately before and immediately after the 3-hour ultrasound training session
Percentage of pulmonary ultrasound cases correctly resolved with the maximum score. A case was considered correctly resolved when the participant correctly identified the anatomical structure, correctly classified the finding as physiological or pathological, and, where applicable, correctly identified the specific pulmonary pathology.
Immediately before and immediately after the 3-hour ultrasound training session

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Student Satisfaction With the Simulation Experience
Tijdsspanne: Immediately after the 3-hour ultrasound training session
Student satisfaction with the ultrasound training experience will be assessed after the session using the Italian version of the Satisfaction with Simulation Experience scale. This scale includes 18 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, from 1 to 5. The total score ranges from 18 to 90, with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction with the simulation-based learning experience. Three subscale scores will also be calculated: Debriefing and Reflection, ranging from 9 to 45; Clinical Reasoning, ranging from 5 to 25; and Clinical Learning, ranging from 4 to 20. For all subscales, higher scores indicate a better outcome, corresponding to greater satisfaction in the specific domain.
Immediately after the 3-hour ultrasound training session

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

University of Turin, Italy

Onderzoekers

  • Studie directeur: Alberto Milan, PhD, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy

Publicaties en nuttige links

De persoon die verantwoordelijk is voor het invoeren van informatie over het onderzoek stelt deze publicaties vrijwillig ter beschikking. Dit kan gaan over alles wat met het onderzoek te maken heeft.

Algemene publicaties

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Werkelijk)

3 maart 2026

Primaire voltooiing (Werkelijk)

30 april 2026

Studie voltooiing (Werkelijk)

30 april 2026

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

23 juni 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

29 juni 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

1 juli 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

1 juli 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

29 juni 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 juni 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • 219865

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

NEE

Beschrijving IPD-plan

Individual participant data will not be made publicly available. Access to de-identified data may be considered only in the context of a formal scientific collaboration and after approval by the relevant institutional and ethics committee authorities, in accordance with applicable regulations.

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

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