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Breathing Exercises Combined With Core Stabilization Exercises in Women With Primary Dysmenorrhea

5 augustus 2026 bijgewerkt door: University of Lahore

Primary dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological condition among women of reproductive age and is associated with pelvic pain, psychological distress, and reduced health-related quality of life. Although core stabilization exercises and breathing exercises have individually demonstrated beneficial effects, evidence regarding their combined effectiveness remains limited.

This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effects of core stabilization exercises alone with breathing exercises combined with core stabilization exercises in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Forty-eight women aged 18-25 years will be randomly allocated to either the control group (core stabilization exercises) or the experimental group (breathing exercises combined with core stabilization exercises). Both groups will participate in supervised exercise sessions three times per week for eight weeks.

Outcome measures will include menstrual pain intensity, psychological status, and health-related quality of life, assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21), and 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) at baseline and Week 8.

The study will determine whether adding breathing exercises to core stabilization exercises provides greater clinical benefits than core stabilization exercises alone.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Voltooid

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological disorders affecting women of reproductive age and is characterized by recurrent menstrual pain that negatively affects physical, psychological, and social well-being. Exercise-based physiotherapy interventions have demonstrated beneficial effects in reducing pain and improving function; however, evidence regarding the combined use of breathing exercises and core stabilization exercises remains limited.

This randomized controlled trial is designed to compare the effectiveness of breathing exercises combined with core stabilization exercises versus core stabilization exercises alone in women with primary dysmenorrhea. A total of 48 eligible women aged 18-25 years will be randomly assigned to one of two groups.

The control group will receive core stabilization exercises, while the experimental group will receive breathing exercises combined with core stabilization exercises. Both groups will attend supervised exercise sessions three times per week for eight weeks.

Outcome measures will be assessed at baseline and Week 8. Menstrual pain intensity will be measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), psychological status using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21), and health-related quality of life using the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12).

Data will be analyzed using SPSS version 26. Independent-samples t-tests, paired-samples t-tests, and repeated-measures ANOVA will be used to compare outcomes within and between groups. The findings of this study will determine whether adding breathing exercises to core stabilization exercises provides greater improvements in pain intensity, psychological status, and quality of life than core stabilization exercises alone.

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Werkelijk)

48

Fase

  • Niet toepasbaar

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studie Locaties

  • Pakistan
    • Punjab Province
      • Lahore, Punjab Province, Pakistan
        • The University of Lahore

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

  • Volwassen

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Nee

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Female participants aged 18-25 years.
  • Clinical diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea confirmed through medical history or self-report.
  • Baseline menstrual pain intensity of 4 or higher on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS).
  • Willing to participate and provide written informed consent.
  • Agree not to receive any additional treatment for dysmenorrhea during the study period.

Exclusion Criteria

  • Secondary dysmenorrhea caused by conditions such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, or uterine fibroids.
  • Pregnancy or childbirth within the previous six months.
  • Diagnosed pelvic floor disorders or chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
  • Severe psychological disorders or chronic pain conditions that may interfere with outcome assessment.
  • Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD).
  • History of pelvic surgery within the previous 12 months.

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Behandeling
  • Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
  • Masker: Geen (open label)

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Actieve vergelijker: Core Stabilization Exercises
Participants assigned to the control group will receive supervised core stabilization exercises three times per week for eight weeks. Each treatment session will last approximately 40 minutes.
Gedragsmatig: Core Stabilization Exercises

Participants will perform a supervised core stabilization exercise program designed to improve trunk muscle strength, core stability, and pelvic stability. The intervention will be delivered three times per week for eight weeks, with each session lasting approximately 40 minutes.

Each session will begin with a 5-minute warm-up consisting of marching in place, torso rotations, side bends, cat-cow stretching, and hip circles.

The exercise program includes bicycle crunches (3 sets × 15 repetitions), abdominal curls (3 sets × 15 repetitions), standing trunk rotations (3 sets × 15 repetitions), side bends (3 sets × 15 repetitions), pelvic bridging (3 sets × 15 repetitions), and mountain climbers (3 sets × 15 repetitions). Rest intervals of 10-20 seconds will be provided between exercises.
Experimenteel: Breathing exercises combined with core stabilization exercises
Participants assigned to the experimental group will receive breathing exercises combined with the same core stabilization exercise program as the control group. Treatment sessions will be conducted three times per week for eight weeks, with each session lasting approximately 40 minutes.
Gedragsmatig: Core Stabilization Exercises

Participants will perform a supervised core stabilization exercise program designed to improve trunk muscle strength, core stability, and pelvic stability. The intervention will be delivered three times per week for eight weeks, with each session lasting approximately 40 minutes.

Each session will begin with a 5-minute warm-up consisting of marching in place, torso rotations, side bends, cat-cow stretching, and hip circles.

The exercise program includes bicycle crunches (3 sets × 15 repetitions), abdominal curls (3 sets × 15 repetitions), standing trunk rotations (3 sets × 15 repetitions), side bends (3 sets × 15 repetitions), pelvic bridging (3 sets × 15 repetitions), and mountain climbers (3 sets × 15 repetitions). Rest intervals of 10-20 seconds will be provided between exercises.

Gedragsmatig: Breathing Exercises Combined with Core Stabilization Exercises

Participants will receive supervised breathing exercises combined with the standard core stabilization exercise program. The intervention will be delivered three sessions per week for eight weeks, with each session lasting approximately 40 minutes.

The breathing exercise component will last approximately 8 minutes and will include the following techniques:

  • Diaphragmatic Breathing: Participants will inhale deeply through the nose while allowing the abdomen to expand and then exhale slowly through the mouth.
  • 4-7-8 Breathing: Participants will inhale through the nose for 4 seconds, hold their breath for 7 seconds, and exhale slowly through the mouth for 8 seconds.
  • Alternate Nostril Breathing (Nadi Shodhana): Participants will perform alternate nostril breathing by inhaling and exhaling through alternate nostrils in a controlled sequence.
  • Guided Relaxation with Slow Breathing: Participants will perform slow, controlled breathing while focusing on whole-body relaxation.

The breat

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Change from Baseline in Menstrual Pain Intensity
Tijdsspanne: Baseline, Week 8
Menstrual pain intensity assessed via the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Scores range from 0 mm to 100 mm. Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity.
Baseline, Week 8

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Change from Baseline in SF-12 Physical Component Summary Score
Tijdsspanne: Baseline, Week 8
Physical health-related quality of life assessed via the SF-12 Physical Component Summary (PCS) score. Scores range from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate better physical health.
Baseline, Week 8
Change from Baseline in SF-12 Mental Component Summary Score
Tijdsspanne: Baseline, Week 8
Mental health-related quality of life assessed via the SF-12 Mental Component Summary (MCS) score. Scores range from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate better mental health.
Baseline, Week 8
Change from Baseline in DASS-21 Depression Subscale Score
Tijdsspanne: Baseline, Week 8
Depression symptoms assessed via the Depression subscale of the DASS-21. Scores range from 0 to 42. Higher scores indicate greater severity of depressive symptoms.
Baseline, Week 8
Change from Baseline in DASS-21 Anxiety Subscale Score
Tijdsspanne: Baseline, Week 8
Anxiety symptoms assessed via the Anxiety subscale of the DASS-21. Scores range from 0 to 42. Higher scores indicate greater severity of anxiety symptoms.
Baseline, Week 8
Change from Baseline in DASS-21 Stress Subscale Score
Tijdsspanne: Baseline, Week 8
Stress symptoms assessed via the Stress subscale of the DASS-21. Scores range from 0 to 42. Higher scores indicate greater severity of stress symptoms.
Baseline, Week 8

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

University of Lahore

Publicaties en nuttige links

De persoon die verantwoordelijk is voor het invoeren van informatie over het onderzoek stelt deze publicaties vrijwillig ter beschikking. Dit kan gaan over alles wat met het onderzoek te maken heeft.

Algemene publicaties

  • Mustain M, Shela M, Tri Y, Witriani W, Hussein M, editors. The Effect of Deep Breathing Relaxation Techniques on Reducing Dysmenorrhea Pain in Adolescent Girls at The Indah 43 Dormitory in Cemani Village. Proceeding of International Conference on Science, Health, And Technology; 2024. 17. Chodon L, Samuel J. Lalramzawni (2024) Core Stability Exercise on Low Back Ache, Back Endurance and Health Related Quality of Life in Primary Dysmenorrhea-A Single Group Experimental Study. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2024;17(24):2494-8. . Martire FG, Piccione E, Exacoustos C, Zupi E. Endometriosis and adolescence: the impact of dysmenorrhea. Journal of clinical medicine. 2023;12(17):5624. . Itani R, Soubra L, Karout S, Rahme D, Karout L, Khojah HM. Primary dysmenorrhea: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment updates. Korean journal of family medicine. 2022;43(2):101.

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Werkelijk)

18 oktober 2025

Primaire voltooiing (Werkelijk)

20 december 2025

Studie voltooiing (Werkelijk)

15 april 2026

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

24 juli 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

5 augustus 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

7 augustus 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

7 augustus 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

5 augustus 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 november 2025

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • MSWH-PD-001

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

NEE

Beschrijving IPD-plan

no plans to share IPD due to institutional policy and participants confidentiality.

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

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