Prevalence of Coronal Femoral Bowing in the Egyptian Arthritic Knee

Radiological methods :

1) standing anteroposterior radiographs of the full-length lower limb with patients in the standing position. ( HKA Long Film Radiographs ).

Measurements :

1. mechanical hip-knee-ankle axis (HKA) angle: the angle formed by the mechanical axes of the femur and tibia
2. anatomical hip-knee-ankle axis (HKA) angle: the angle formed by the anatomical axes of the femur and tibia
3. For condylar orientation : the mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA) was defined as an angle formed by the mechanical axis of the femur and the line connecting the distal ends of the medial and lateral femoral condyles of the femur.
4. For tibia plateau inclination : the mechanical lateral proximal tibial angle (mLPTA) was defined as an angle formed by the mechanical axis of the tibia and the articular surface of the proximal tibia .
5. Coronal femoral bowing Using the method of Yau et al. : the femoral diaphysis was divided into four equal parts, . Because Yau et al. didn't exactly describe the femoral diaphysis, we had defined the femoral diaphysis from the lower border of the lesser trochanter to upper border of the distal femoral segment which is defined by a square whose sides have the same length as the widest part of the femoral condyle so called rule of square (from the lowest level of the lesser trochanter to 5 cm above the lowest level of the lateral femoral condyle), and the midpoint of the endosteal intramedullary canal was depicted in each quarter. The angulation between midlines drawn in the proximal and distal quarters of the femoral diaphysis will be measured