Muscle Function Response to Resistance Band Training in Older Adults With Impaired Muscle Power

Экспериментальный: Resistance band group, with fitness advice

Другой: Resistance band exercise

Participants will be given a resistance band and at set of exercises that target the lower extremities and asked to perform these as three sets of 15 repetitions, 2 times a week.

Поведенческий: Fitness advice

Participants will be undertake a series of functional fitness tests and have their performance evaluated against normative values for their age and sex. Following this advice will be given with the aim of empowering change in physical activity participation.

Без вмешательства: Normal life

Экспериментальный: Resistance band without fitness advice

Другой: Resistance band exercise

Participants will be given a resistance band and at set of exercises that target the lower extremities and asked to perform these as three sets of 15 repetitions, 2 times a week.

Экспериментальный: Fitness advice

Поведенческий: Fitness advice

Participants will be undertake a series of functional fitness tests and have their performance evaluated against normative values for their age and sex. Following this advice will be given with the aim of empowering change in physical activity participation.

Five times sit to stand time

Sitting on a chair, participants stand to full leg extension, and then return to a seated position 5 times, and the time taken recorded in seconds.

Single leg stand time

This is the length of time, in seconds, an individual can stand on a single leg for as long as possible (up to a maximum of 90 seconds)

Timed up and go

This is the time, in seconds, it takes for an individual to stand from a seated position, without using their hands, walk around a cone which is 3 meters away, before returning to the seated position.

Postural sway

Using a force plate recording at 100Hz for 30 seconds, 5 eyes open and eyes closed trials will be recorded at baseline and after 12 weeks of resistance band exercises. Using the Centre of Pressure measurements provided. Linear (e.g. total sway path length and sway path in the medio-lateral and anterior-posterior directions, measured in meters) and non-linear (fractal dimension, unitless measurement units) postural control measurements will be calculated.

Muscle power

Using a Biodex dynamometer, 5 practice and 5 trial concentric muscle efforts will be performed with the peak torque (newton meters), time to peak torque (seconds) and peak torque (newton meters) at 0.18 seconds will be recorded.

Grip strength

using and hand strength dynamometer, grip strength will be measured as the maximum value of 2 maximal efforts using their dominant hand. This is measured in kilograms.

Fear of falling

Falls efficacy scale - international questionnaire (https://sites.manchester.ac.uk/fes-i). The total score of questions will be used in the analysis.

Self-efficacy for exercise

Self-efficacy for exercise questionnaire (SEE)

(https://www.sralab.org/sites/default/files/2017-06/Self-efficacy%20for%20exercise_Website_PDF.pdf).

The total score of 9 questions will be used in the analysis.

The Scale: Each question is rated from 0 (Not Confident) to 10 (Very Confident).

Scoring: Add the numbers for all 9 responses together. Range: Total scores range from 0 to 90.

Interpretation: Higher totals indicate a greater level of self-efficacy (stronger belief in your ability to maintain an exercise routine).

Perceived change in body, balance and power

Using a 15 point Likert Global Rating of Change scale (GRC) to measure perceived change.

+7 to +1: Ranging from "A very great deal better" (+7) to "A little better" (+1) 0: No change

-1 to -7: Ranging from "A little worse" (-1) to "A very great deal worse" (-7)

This scale will be completed for the measurement of perceived change in body, balance and power separately (i.e. there will be a separate scores given for each domain).

Quality of life

The Older People Quality of Life questionnaire (OPQOL) will be completed (https://ilcuk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/OPQOL-full-questionnaire.pdf).

Each subsection of the OPQOL will be analysed separately.

This is scored on a 5 point scale 1 = very good to 5 = very bad.

The scores are reversed so that a higher value suggests better quality of life. In each subsection values are summed.

Subsections Live overall = min score is 4 and max score is 20 Health = min score is 4 and max score is 20 Social relationships = min score is 5 and max score is 25 Independence, control over life, freedom = min score is 4 and max score is 20 Home and neighbourhood = min score is 4 and max score is 20 Financial circumstances = min score is 4 and max score is 20 Leisure and activities = min score is 6 and max score is 30