Mechanisms of Dysfunction and the Influence of Exercise on Cardiac and Musculoskeletal Function

Inclusion Criteria:

Fontan Patients:

1. Patients who have had the Fontan cardiac procedure
2. 10-16 years of age
3. Written Informed Consent

Healthy Controls:

1. 10 - 16 years of age
2. Written Informed Consent

Exclusion Criteria:

Fontan Patients:

1. Contraindication to exercise
2. Physically active (i.e., ≥ 60 minute of moderate-vigorous activity) (Strong et al., 2005)
3. Patients in whom MRI is contraindicated (e.g. pacemaker, ocular metal, claustrophobia, tattoos)
4. Patients with a known allergy to gadolinium.
5. Patients with a history of allergic disposition or have anaphylactic reactions
6. Moderate-to-severe renal impairment (defined as having a GFR/ eGFR < 60 mL/min)
7. Have Sickle Cell anemia
8. Known pregnancy, or breast feeding
9. Patient is uncooperative during a MRI without sedation or anesthesia

Healthy Controls:

1. Contraindication to exercise
2. Physically active (i.e., ≥ 60 minute of moderate-vigorous activity) (Strong et al., 2005)
3. Patients in whom MRI is contraindicated (e.g. pacemaker, ocular metal, claustrophobia, tattoos, pregnancy)
4. Patient is uncooperative during a MRI without sedation or anesthesia