WSES Guidelines for the management of acute left sided colonic diverticulitis in the emergency setting

Massimo Sartelli, Fausto Catena, Luca Ansaloni, Federico Coccolini, Ewen A Griffiths, Fikri M Abu-Zidan, Salomone Di Saverio, Jan Ulrych, Yoram Kluger, Ofir Ben-Ishay, Frederick A Moore, Rao R Ivatury, Raul Coimbra, Andrew B Peitzman, Ari Leppaniemi, Gustavo P Fraga, Ronald V Maier, Osvaldo Chiara, Jeffry Kashuk, Boris Sakakushev, Dieter G Weber, Rifat Latifi, Walter Biffl, Miklosh Bala, Aleksandar Karamarkovic, Kenji Inaba, Carlos A Ordonez, Andreas Hecker, Goran Augustin, Zaza Demetrashvili, Renato Bessa Melo, Sanjay Marwah, Sanoop K Zachariah, Vishal G Shelat, Michael McFarlane, Miran Rems, Carlos Augusto Gomes, Mario Paulo Faro, Gerson Alves Pereira Júnior, Ionut Negoi, Yunfeng Cui, Norio Sato, Andras Vereczkei, Giovanni Bellanova, Arianna Birindelli, Isidoro Di Carlo, Kenneth Y Kok, Mahir Gachabayov, Georgios Gkiokas, Konstantinos Bouliaris, Elif Çolak, Arda Isik, Daniel Rios-Cruz, Rodolfo Soto, Ernest E Moore, Massimo Sartelli, Fausto Catena, Luca Ansaloni, Federico Coccolini, Ewen A Griffiths, Fikri M Abu-Zidan, Salomone Di Saverio, Jan Ulrych, Yoram Kluger, Ofir Ben-Ishay, Frederick A Moore, Rao R Ivatury, Raul Coimbra, Andrew B Peitzman, Ari Leppaniemi, Gustavo P Fraga, Ronald V Maier, Osvaldo Chiara, Jeffry Kashuk, Boris Sakakushev, Dieter G Weber, Rifat Latifi, Walter Biffl, Miklosh Bala, Aleksandar Karamarkovic, Kenji Inaba, Carlos A Ordonez, Andreas Hecker, Goran Augustin, Zaza Demetrashvili, Renato Bessa Melo, Sanjay Marwah, Sanoop K Zachariah, Vishal G Shelat, Michael McFarlane, Miran Rems, Carlos Augusto Gomes, Mario Paulo Faro, Gerson Alves Pereira Júnior, Ionut Negoi, Yunfeng Cui, Norio Sato, Andras Vereczkei, Giovanni Bellanova, Arianna Birindelli, Isidoro Di Carlo, Kenneth Y Kok, Mahir Gachabayov, Georgios Gkiokas, Konstantinos Bouliaris, Elif Çolak, Arda Isik, Daniel Rios-Cruz, Rodolfo Soto, Ernest E Moore

Abstract

Acute left sided colonic diverticulitis is one of the most common clinical conditions encountered by surgeons in acute setting. A World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) Consensus Conference on acute diverticulitis was held during the 3rd World Congress of the WSES in Jerusalem, Israel, on July 7th, 2015. During this consensus conference the guidelines for the management of acute left sided colonic diverticulitis in the emergency setting were presented and discussed. This document represents the executive summary of the final guidelines approved by the consensus conference.

References

    1. Weizman AV, Nguyen GC. Diverticular disease: epidemiology and management. Can J Gastroenterol. 2011;25:385–9. doi: 10.1155/2011/795241.
    1. Schoetz DJ. Diverticular disease of the colon: a century-old problem. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:703–9. doi: 10.1007/BF02236921.
    1. Collins D, Winter DC. Modern concepts in diverticular disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;49:358–69. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000308.
    1. Warner E, Crighton EJ, Moineddin R, Mamdani M, Upshur R. Fourteen-year study of hospital admissions for diverticular disease in Ontario. Can J Gastroenterol. 2007;21:97–9. doi: 10.1155/2007/943460.
    1. Jamal Talabani A, Lydersen S, Endreseth BH, Edna TH. Major increase in admission- and incidence rates of acute colonic diverticulitis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29:937–45. doi: 10.1007/s00384-014-1888-9.
    1. Shahedi K, Fuller G, Bolus R, Cohen E, Vu M, Shah R, et al. Long-term risk of acute diverticulitis among patients with incidental diverticulosis found during colonoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:1609–13. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.06.020.
    1. Sartelli M, Moore FA, Ansaloni L, Di Saverio S, Coccolini F, Griffiths EA, et al. A proposal for a CT driven classification of left colon acute diverticulitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2015;10:3. doi: 10.1186/1749-7922-10-3.
    1. Guyatt G, Gutterman D, Baumann MH, Addrizzo-Harris D, Hylek EM, Phillips B, et al. Grading strength of recommendations and quality of evidence in clinical guidelines: Report from an American College of Chest Physicians task force. Chest. 2006;129:174–81. doi: 10.1378/chest.129.1.174.
    1. Brozek JL, Akl EA, Jaeschke R, Lang DM, Bossuyt P, Glasziou P, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines: Part 2 of 3. The GRADE approach to grading quality of evidence about diagnostic tests and strategies. Allergy. 2009;64:1109–16. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02083.x.
    1. Hinchey EJ, Schaal PH, Richards MB. Treatment of perforated diverticular disease of the colon. Adv Surg. 1978;12:85–109.
    1. Neff CC. vanSonnenberg E. CT of diverticulitis. Diagnosis and treatment. Radiol Clin North Am. 1989;27:743–52.
    1. Sher ME, Agachan F, Bortul M, Nogueras JJ, Weiss EG, Wexner SD. Laparoscopic surgery for diverticulitis. Surg Endosc. 1997;11:264–7. doi: 10.1007/s004649900340.
    1. Ambrosetti P, Becker C, Terrier F. Colonic diverticulitis: impact of imaging on surgical management - a prospective study of 542 patients. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:1145–9. doi: 10.1007/s00330-001-1143-y.
    1. Kaiser AM, Jiang JK, Lake JP, Ault G, Artinyan A, Gonzalez-Ruiz C, et al. The management of complicated diverticulitis and the role of computed tomography. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:910–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41154.x.
    1. Mora Lopez L, Serra Pla S, Serra-Aracil X, Ballesteros E, Navarro S. Application of a modified Neff classification to patients with uncomplicated diverticulitis. Colorectal Dis. 2013;15:1442–7. doi: 10.1111/codi.12449.
    1. Sallinen VJ, Leppäniemi AK, Mentula PJ. Staging of acute diverticulitis based on clinical, radiologic, and physiologic parameters. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78:543–51. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000000540.
    1. Toorenvliet BR1. Colonic diverticulitis: a prospective analysis of diagnostic accuracy and clinical decision-making. Colorectal Dis. 2010;12:179–86. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01778.x.
    1. Laméris W, van Randen A, van Gulik TM, Busch OR, Winkelhagen J, Bossuyt PM, et al. A clinical decision rule to establish the diagnosis of acute diverticulitis at the emergency department. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:896–904. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e3181d98d86.
    1. Andeweg CS, Knobben L, Hendriks JC, Bleichrodt RP, van Goor H. How to diagnose acute left-sided colonic diverticulitis: proposal for a clinical scoring system. Ann Surg. 2011;253:940–6. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182113614.
    1. Kechagias A, Rautio T, Kechagias G, Mäkelä J. The role of C-reactive protein in the prediction of the clinical severity of acute diverticulitis. Am Surg. 2014;80:391–5.
    1. Van de Wall BJ, Draaisma WA, van der Kaaij RT, Consten EC, Wiezer MJ, Broeders IA. The value of inflammation markers and body temperature in acute diverticulitis. Colorectal Dis. 2013;15:621–6. doi: 10.1111/codi.12072.
    1. Mäkelä JT, Klintrup K, Takala H, Rautio T. The role of C-reactive protein in prediction of the severity of acute diverticulitis in an emergency unit. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50:536–41. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2014.999350.
    1. Laméris W, van Randen A, Bipat S, Bossuyt PM, Boermeester MA, Stoker J. Graded compression ultrasonography and computed tomography in acute colonic diverticulitis: meta- analysis of test accuracy. Eur Radiol. 2008;18:2498–511. doi: 10.1007/s00330-008-1018-6.
    1. Liljegren G, Chabok A, Wickbom M, Smedh K, Nilsson K. Acute colonic diverticulitis: a systematic review of diagnostic accuracy. Colorectal Dis. 2007;9:480–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2007.01238.x.
    1. Ambrosetti P, Jenny A, Becker C, Terrier TF, Morel P. Acute left colonic diverticulitis–compared performance of computed tomography and water-soluble contrast enema: prospective evaluation of 420 patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:1363–7. doi: 10.1007/BF02236631.
    1. Mazzei MA, Cioffi Squitieri N, Guerrini S, Stabile Ianora AA, Cagini L, Macarini L, et al. Sigmoid diverticulitis: US findings. Crit Ultrasound J. 2013;5:5. doi: 10.1186/2036-7902-5-S1-S6.
    1. Puylaert JB. Ultrasound of colon diverticulitis. Dig Dis. 2012;30:56–9. doi: 10.1159/000336620.
    1. Andeweg CS, Wegdam JA, Groenewoud J, van der Wilt GJ, van Goor H, Bleichrodt RP. Toward an evidence-based step-up approach in diagnosing diverticulitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014;49:775–84. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2014.908475.
    1. Laméris W, van Randen A, van Es HW, van Heesewijk JP, van Ramshorst B, Bouma WH, et al. OPTIMA study group: Imaging strategies for detection of urgent conditions in patients with acute abdominal pain: diagnostic accuracy study. BMJ. 2009;338:b2431. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b2431.
    1. Heverhagen JT, Sitter H, Zielke A, Klose KJ. Prospective evaluation of the value of magnetic resonance imaging in suspected acute sigmoid diverticulitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:1810–5. doi: 10.1007/s10350-008-9330-4.
    1. Halpenny DF, McNeil G, Snow A, Geoghegan T, Torreggiani WC. Prospective evaluation of the value of magnetic resonance imaging in suspected acute sigmoid diverticulitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52:1030–1. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e3181a51126.
    1. Hwang SS, Cannom RR, Abbas MA, Etzioni D. Diverticulitis in transplant patients and patients on chronic corticosteroid therapy: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:1699–707. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e3181f5643c.
    1. Dalla Valle R, Capocasale E, Mazzoni MP, Busi N, Benozzi L, Sivelli R, et al. Acute diverticulitis with colon perforation in renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2005;37:2507–10. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.06.059.
    1. Qasabian RA, Meagher AP, Lee R, Dore GJ, Keogh A. Severe diverticulitis after heart, lung, and heart-lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2004;23:845–9. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2003.07.019.
    1. Lederman ED, Conti DJ, Lempert N, Singh TP, Lee EC. Complicated diverticulitis following renal transplantation. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:613–8. doi: 10.1007/BF02235270.
    1. Bordeianou L, Hodin R. Controversies in the surgical management of sigmoid diverticulitis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11:542–8. doi: 10.1007/s11605-007-0126-y.
    1. Biondo S, Trenti L, Elvira J, Golda T, Kreisler E. Outcomes of colonic diverticulitis according to the reason of immunosuppression. Am J Surg. 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.01.038
    1. Shabanzadeh DM, Wille-Jørgensen P. Antibiotics for uncomplicated diverticulitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11:CD009092.
    1. Chabok A, Påhlman L, Hjern F, Haapaniemi S, Smedh K, AVOD Study Group Randomized clinical trial of antibiotics in acute uncomplicated diverticulitis. Br J Surg. 2012;99:532–9. doi: 10.1002/bjs.8688.
    1. Mali JP, Mentula PJ, Leppäniemi AK, Sallinen VJ. Symptomatic Treatment for Uncomplicated Acute Diverticulitis: A Prospective Cohort Study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016;59(6):529–34. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000579.
    1. Sartelli M, Viale P, Catena F, Ansaloni L, Moore E, Malangoni M, et al. 2013 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2013;8:3. doi: 10.1186/1749-7922-8-3.
    1. Ridgway PF, Latif A, Shabbir J, Ofriokuma F, Hurley MJ, Evoy D, et al. Randomized controlled trial of oral vs intravenous therapy for the clinically diagnosed acute uncomplicated diverticulitis. Colorectal Dis. 2009;11:941–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2008.01737.x.
    1. Fozard JB, Armitage NC, Schofield JB, Jones OM. Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. ACPGBI position statement on elective resection for diverticulitis. Colorectal Dis. 2011;13:1–11. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02531.x.
    1. Etzioni DA, Chiu VY, Cannom RR, Burchette RJ, Haigh PI, Abbas MA. Outpatient treatment of acute diverticulitis: rates and predictors of failure. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:861–5. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e3181cdb243.
    1. Jackson JD, Hammond T. Systematic review: outpatient management of acute uncomplicated diverticulitis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29:775–81. doi: 10.1007/s00384-014-1900-4.
    1. Rodrìguez-Cerrillo M, Poza-Montoro A, Fernandez-Diaz E, Matesanz-David M, Inurrieta RA. Treatment of elderly patients with uncomplicated diverticulitis, even with comorbidity, at home. Eur J Intern Med. 2013;24:430–2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2013.03.016.
    1. Biondo S, Golda T, Kreisler E, Espin E, Vallribera F, Oteiza F, et al. Outpatient versus hospitalization management for uncomplicated diverticulitis: a prospective, multicenter randomized clinical trial (DIVER Trial) Ann Surg. 2014;259:38–44. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182965a11.
    1. Andersen JC, Bundgaard L, Elbrønd H, Laurberg S, Walker LR, Støvring J. Danish Surgical Society. Danish national guidelines for treatment of diverticular disease. Dan Med J. 2012;59:C4453.
    1. Ambrosetti P, Chautems R, Soravia C, Peiris-Waser N, Terrier F. Long-term outcome of mesocolic and pelvic diverticular abscesses of the left colon: a prospective study of 73 cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:787–91. doi: 10.1007/s10350-004-0853-z.
    1. Brandt D, Gervaz P, Durmishi Y, Platon A, Morel P, Poletti PA. Percutaneous CT scan guided drainage versus antibiotherapy alone for Hinchey II diverticulitis: a case–control study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1533–8. doi: 10.1007/s10350-006-0613-3.
    1. Siewert B, Tye G, Kruskal J, Sosna J, Opelka F, Raptopoulos V, Goldberg SN. Impact of CT-guided drainage in the treatment of diverticular abscesses: size matters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186:680–6. doi: 10.2214/AJR.04.1708.
    1. Singh B, May K, Coltart I, Moore NR, Cunningham C. The long-term results of percutaneous drainage of diverticular abscess. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2008;90:297–301. doi: 10.1308/003588408X285928.
    1. Kumar RR, Kim JT, Haukoos JS, Macias LH, Dixon MR, Stamos MJ, Konyalian VR. Factors affecting the successful management of intra-abdominal abscesses with antibiotics and the need for percutaneous drainage. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:183–9. doi: 10.1007/s10350-005-0274-7.
    1. Elagili F, Stocchi L, Ozuner G, Kiran RP. Antibiotics alone instead of percutaneous drainage as initial treatment of large diverticular abscess. Tech Coloproctol. 2015;19(2):97–103. doi: 10.1007/s10151-014-1250-9.
    1. Tsai HL, Hsieh JS, Yu FJ, Wu DC, Chen FM, Huang CJ, et al. Perforated colonic cancer presenting as intra-abdominal abscess. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22:15–9. doi: 10.1007/s00384-006-0097-6.
    1. Yeo ES, Ng KH, Eu KW. Perforated colorectal cancer: an important differential diagnosis in all presumed diverticular abscesses. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2011;40:375.
    1. de Vries HS, Boerma D, Timmer R, van Ramshorst B, Dieleman LA, van Westreenen HL. Routine colonoscopy is not required in uncomplicated diverticulitis: a systematic review. Surg Endosc. 2014;28(7):2039–47. doi: 10.1007/s00464-014-3447-4.
    1. Sharma PV, Eglinton T, Hider P, Frizelle F. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of routine colonic evaluation after radiologically confirmed acute diverticulitis. Ann Surg. 2014;259:263–72. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000294.
    1. Sallinen V, Mentula P, Leppäniemi A. Risk of colon cancer after computed tomography-diagnosed acute diverticulitis: is routine colonoscopy necessary? Surg Endosc. 2014;28:961. doi: 10.1007/s00464-013-3257-0.
    1. Feingold D, Steele SR, Lee S, Kaiser A, Boushey R, Buie WD, Rafferty JF. Practice parameters for the treatment of sigmoid diverticulitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57:284–94. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000075.
    1. Dharmarajan S, Hunt SR, Birnbaum EH, Fleshman JW, Mutch MG. The efficacy of nonoperative management of acute complicated diverticulitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011;54:663–71. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e31820ef759.
    1. Sallinen VJ, Mentula PJ, Leppäniemi AK. Nonoperative management of perforated diverticulitis with extraluminal air is safe and effective in selected patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57:875–81. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000083.
    1. Rossi GL, Mentz R, Bertone S, Ojea Quintana G, Bilbao S, et al. Laparoscopic Peritoneal Lavage for Hinchey III Diverticulitis: is it as effective as it is applicable? Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57:1384–90. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000252.
    1. Swank HA, Mulder IM, Hoofwijk AG, Nienhuijs SW, Lange JF, Bemelman WA. Dutch Diverticular disease collaborative study G. Early experience with laparoscopic lavage for perforated diverticulitis. Br J Surg. 2013;100:704–10. doi: 10.1002/bjs.9063.
    1. Angenete E, Thornell A, Burcharth J, Pommergaard HC, Skullman S, Bisgaard T, et al. Laparoscopic lavage is feasible and safe for the treatment of perforated diverticulitis with purulent peritonitis: the first results from the randomized controlled trial DILALA. Ann Surg. 2016;263:117–22. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001061.
    1. Schultz JK, Yaqub S, Wallon C, Blecic L, Forsmo HM, Folkesson J, et al. Laparoscopic Lavage vs Primary Resection for Acute Perforated Diverticulitis: The SCANDIV Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2015;314:1364–75. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.12076.
    1. Vennix S, Musters GD, Mulder IM, Swank HA, Consten EC, Belgers EH, et al. Laparoscopic peritoneal lavage or sigmoidectomy for perforated diverticulitis with purulent peritonitis: a multicentre, parallel-group, randomised, open-label trial. Lancet. 2015;386(10000):1269–77. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61168-0.
    1. McCafferty MH, Roth L, Jorden J. Current management of diverticulitis. Am Surg. 2008;74:1041–9.
    1. Fleming FJ, Gillen P. Reversal of Hartmann's procedure following acute diverticulitis: is timing everything? Int J Colorectal Dis. 2009;24:1219–25. doi: 10.1007/s00384-009-0747-6.
    1. Hong MK, Tomlin AM, Hayes IP, Skandarajah AR. Operative intervention rates for acute diverticulitis: a multicentre state-wide study. ANZ J Surg. 2015;85:734–8. doi: 10.1111/ans.13126.
    1. Li D, Baxter NN, McLeod RS, Moineddin R, Wilton AS, Nathens AB. Evolving practice patterns in the management of acute colonic diverticulitis: a population-based analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57:1397–405. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000224.
    1. Chandra V, Nelson H, Larson DR, Harrington JR. Impact of primary resection on the outcome of patients with perforated diverticulitis. Arch Surg. 2004;139:1221–4. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.139.11.1221.
    1. Salem L, Flum DR. Primary anastomosis or Hartmann's procedure for patients with diverticular peritonitis? A systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1953–64. doi: 10.1007/s10350-004-0701-1.
    1. Abbas S. Resection and primary anastomosis in acute complicated diverticulitis, a systematic review of the literature. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22:351–7. doi: 10.1007/s00384-005-0059-4.
    1. Cirocchi R, Trastulli S, Desiderio J, Listorti C, Boselli C, Parisi A, et al. Treatment of Hinchey stage III-IV diverticulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013;28:447–57. doi: 10.1007/s00384-012-1622-4.
    1. Constantinides VA, Heriot A, Remzi F, Darzi A, Senapati A, Fazio VW, Tekkis PP. Operative strategies for diverticular peritonitis: a decision analysis between primary resection and anastomosis versus Hartmann’s procedures. Ann Surg. 2007;245:94–103. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000225357.82218.ce.
    1. Oberkofler CE, Rickenbacher A, Raptis DA, Lehmann K, Villiger P, Buchli C, et al. A multicenter randomized clinical trial of primary anastomosis or Hartmann’s procedure for perforated left colonic diverticulitis with purulent or fecal peritonitis. Ann Surg. 2012;256:819–26. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31827324ba.
    1. Vennix S, Boersema GS, Buskens CJ, Menon AG, Tanis PJ, Lange JF, Bemelman WA. Emergency Laparoscopic Sigmoidectomy for Perforated Diverticulitis with Generalised Peritonitis: A Systematic Review. Dig Surg. 2016;33:1–7. doi: 10.1159/000441150.
    1. Kafka-Ritsch R, Birkfellner F, Perathoner A, Raab H, Nehoda H, Pratschke J, Zitt M. Damage control surgery with abdominal vacuum and delayed bowel reconstruction in patients with perforated diverticulitis Hinchey III/IV. J Gastrointest Surg. 2012;16:1915–22. doi: 10.1007/s11605-012-1977-4.
    1. Perathoner A, Klaus A, Mühlmann G, Oberwalder M, Margreiter R, Kafka-Ritsch R. Damage control with abdominal vacuum therapy (VAC) to manage perforated diverticulitis with advanced generalized peritonitis--a proof of concept. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2010;25:767–74. doi: 10.1007/s00384-010-0887-8.
    1. Ordóñez CA, Sánchez AI, Pineda JA, Badiel M, Mesa R, Cardona U, et al. Deferred primary anastomosis versus diversion in patients with severe secondary peritonitis managed with staged laparotomies. World J Surg. 2010;34:169–76. doi: 10.1007/s00268-009-0285-y.
    1. Rafferty J, Shellito P, Hyman NH, Buie WD. Standards committee of the american society of colon and rectal surgeons. Practice parameters for sigmoid diverticulitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:939–44. doi: 10.1007/s10350-006-0578-2.
    1. Hall JF, Roberts PL, Ricciardi R, Read T, Scheirey C, Wald C, et al. Long-term follow-up after an initial episode of diverticulitis: what are the predictors of recurrence? Dis Colon Rectum. 2011;54:283–8. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e3182028576.
    1. Humes DJ, West J. Role of acute diverticulitis in the development of complicated colonic diverticular disease and 1-year mortality after diagnosis in the UK: population-based cohort. Gut. 2012;61:95–100. doi: 10.1136/gut.2011.238808.
    1. Salem TA, Molloy RG, O’Dwyer PJ. Prospective, five-year follow up study of patients with symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:1–5. doi: 10.1007/s10350-006-0801-1.
    1. Regenbogen SE, Hardiman KM, Hendren S, Morris AM. Surgery for diverticulitis in the 21st Century: a systematic review. JAMA Surg. 2014;149:292–303. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2013.5477.
    1. Klarenbeek BR, Samuels M, van der Wal MA, van der Peet DL, Meijerink WJ, Cuesta MA. Indications for elective sigmoid resection in diverticular disease. Ann Surg. 2010;251:670–4. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181d3447d.
    1. Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, Rodvold KA, Goldstein EJ, Baron EJ, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the surgical infection society and the infectious diseases society of America. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2010;11:79–109. doi: 10.1089/sur.2009.9930.
    1. Sawyer RG, Claridge JA, Nathens AB, Rotstein OD, Duane TM, Evans HL, et al. Trial of short-course antimicrobial therapy for intraabdominal infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1996–2005. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411162.

Source: PubMed

3
订阅