Role of increasing the aerobic capacity on improving the function of immune and respiratory systems in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19): A review

Ayman A Mohamed, Motaz Alawna, Ayman A Mohamed, Motaz Alawna

Abstract

Background and aims: COVID-19 is a public world crisis, however, it is a self-limited infection. In COVID-19, the strength of immune and respiratory systems is a critical element. Thus, this review was conducted to demonstrate the short and long term effects of increasing the aerobic capacity on increasing the function and strength of immune and respiratory systems, particularly those essential for overcoming COVID-19 infections and associated disorders.

Methods: This review was carried out by searching in Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO, Medline databases. The search was conducted over clinical trials and literature and systematic reviews on the effects of increasing the aerobic capacity on the function and strength of specific immune and respiratory elements essential for overcoming COVID-19 infections.

Results: This review found that increasing the aerobic capacity could produce short-term safe improvements in the function of immune and respiratory systems, particularly those specific for COVID-19 infections. This could be mainly produced through three mechanisms. Firstly, it could improve immunity by increasing the level and function of immune cells and immunoglobulins, regulating CRP levels, and decreasing anxiety and depression. Secondly, it could improve respiratory system functions by acting as an antibiotic, antioxidant, and antimycotic, restoring normal lung tissue elasticity and strength. Lastly, it could act as a protective barrier to decrease COVID-19 risk factors, which helps to decrease the incidence and progression of COVID-19.

Conclusion: This review summarizes that increasing the aerobic capacity is recommended because it has potential of improving immune and respiratory functions which would help counter COVID-19.

Keywords: Aerobic capacity; COVID-19; Immune system; Respiratory system.

Copyright © 2020 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The effect of aerobic exercises on the immune system. Aerobic exercises improve the function of the immune system by increasing the level and function of T-lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes, which are essential elements in the body’s defense against infections, increasing levels of immunoglobulins “IgA, IgM, IgG”, particularly IgA and IgG because of its vital role in lung infections, regulating C-reactive protein levels, through producing a short-term small increase to fight lung viruses and a long–term decrease to prevent any drop in lung functions, and decreasing anxiety and depression to improve the immunity by rebalancing T-helper 1/T-helper 2 relationship.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The effect of aerobic exercises on the respiratory system. Aerobic exercises improve respiratory system functions by acting as antibiotic and antimycotic prophylaxis, to improve lung immunity, restoring normal lung tissue elasticity and increasing pulmonary muscles strength and endurance, acting as an antioxidant to limit free radical production and oxidative damage, and decreasing cough through an autonomic modulation.

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