Effect on growth of exposure to maternal antiretroviral therapy in breastmilk versus extended infant nevirapine prophylaxis among HIV-exposed perinatally uninfected infants in the PROMISE randomized trial

Abstract

Background: Malnutrition is highly prevalent in HIV-exposed perinatally uninfected infants (HEUs) increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality throughout the life course. We set out to compare the effect of postnatal exposure to maternal antiretroviral therapy (mART) in breastmilk versus infant Nevirapine prophylaxis (iNVP) on somatic growth of HEUs in the randomized PROMISE trial.

Methods and findings: We randomized 2431 mothers with HIV and their 2444 HEUs from six African countries and India 6-14 days after delivery to mART or iNVP for prevention of breastmilk HIV transmission. The mART regimen contained tenofovir/emtricitabine (99%) plus lopinavir/ritonavir. Infant growth parameters were compared at postnatal week 10, 26, 74 and 104 using World Health Organization (WHO) z-scores for length-for-age (LAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and head circumference-for-age (HCAZ). Week 26 LAZ was the primary endpoint measure. Student T-tests compared mean LAZ, WAZ, and HCAZ; estimated mean and 95% confidence interval (CI) are presented. Maternal and infant baseline characteristics were comparable between study arms. The estimated median breastfeeding duration was 70 weeks. After a mean follow-up of 88 weeks, mean LAZ and WAZ were below the WHO reference population mean at all timepoints, whereas mean HCAZ was not. The mART and iNVP arms did not differ for the primary outcome measure of LAZ at week 26 (p-value = 0.39; estimated mean difference (95%CI) of -0.05 (-0.18, 0.07)) or any of the other secondary growth outcome measures or timepoints (all p-values≥0.16). Secondary analyses of the primary outcome measure adjusting for week 0 LAZ and other covariates did not change these results (all p-values≥0.09). However, infants assigned to mART were more likely to have stunting compared to iNVP infants at week 26 (odds ratio (95% CI): 1.28 (1.05, 1.57)).

Conclusions: In HEUs, growth effects from postnatal exposure to mART compared to iNVP were comparable for measures on length, weight and head circumference with no clinically relevant differences between the groups. Despite breastfeeding into the second year of life, length and weight were below reference population means at all ages in both arms. Further investment is needed to optimize postnatal growth of infants born to women with HIV.

Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01061151.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Participant flow diagram.

There was no apparent difference in premature study discontinuation for reasons other than death; 23 in the mART arm (2% of 1,227 randomized) and 15 in the iNVP arm (1% of 1217) (p = 0.81). The median (Q1-Q3) follow-up in both arms was to 104 weeks of age (74–105), with a mean of 88 weeks. Most infants still breastfed (93.7% (95%CI: 92.6%, 94.6%)) at 26 weeks of age. The estimated median (Q1-Q3) duration of breastfeeding and, hence, postnatal ARV exposure was 70 weeks (56–82) and not different in both study arms. As previously reported [16], 14 breastfed infants acquired HIV infection during postnatal follow-up (7/1219 mother-infant pairs in the maternal ART arm and 7/1211in the infant NVP arm).

Fig 2. Infant growth outcomes by assigned study arm.