Molecular Spectroscopic Markers of DNA Damage

Kamila Sofińska, Natalia Wilkosz, Marek Szymoński, Ewelina Lipiec, Kamila Sofińska, Natalia Wilkosz, Marek Szymoński, Ewelina Lipiec

Abstract

Every cell in a living organism is constantly exposed to physical and chemical factors which damage the molecular structure of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Cellular DNA lesions are the most dangerous because the genetic information, critical for the identity and function of each eukaryotic cell, is stored in the DNA. In this review, we describe spectroscopic markers of DNA damage, which can be detected by infrared, Raman, surface-enhanced Raman, and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopies, using data acquired from DNA solutions and mammalian cells. Various physical and chemical DNA damaging factors are taken into consideration, including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, chemicals, and chemotherapeutic compounds. All major spectral markers of DNA damage are presented in several tables, to give the reader a possibility of fast identification of the spectral signature related to a particular type of DNA damage.

Keywords: DNA damage; DNA damage spectroscopic markers; DNA lesions; DSB; SSB; double strand breaks; single strand breaks.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The scheme of exemplary DNA damaging factors, DNA lesion types (SSB—single strand breaks, DSB—double strand breaks), and possible repair mechanisms (BER—base excision repair, HR—homologous recombination, NHEJ—nonhomologous end-joining).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Possible pathways of DSB formation upon C–O bond breakage in the DNA backbone.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) spectra of the HaCaT cell DNA exposed to H2O2/UV. Panels A–C indicate regions of interest with characteristic SERS bands of DNA. From top to bottom: SERS spectra collected after 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min of exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS); adapted with permission from [86].
Figure 4
Figure 4
The SERS spectra of mitochondria isolated from MCF-7 cells following photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment for 0, 1, 3, and 5 min; λex = 632.8 nm, t = 10 s and accumulation = 2 times, adapted with permission from [95].
Figure 5
Figure 5
The average spectra collected from isolated COLO-679 cellular nuclei and (a) living COLO-679 cells (b) control and irradiated cells with exposure to 3 different UV doses, followed by incubation for 48 h; adapted with permission from [112].

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