The Regenerative Role of the Fetal and Adult Stem Cell Secretome

Sveva Bollini, Chiara Gentili, Roberta Tasso, Ranieri Cancedda, Sveva Bollini, Chiara Gentili, Roberta Tasso, Ranieri Cancedda

Abstract

For a long time, the stem cell regenerative paradigm has been based on the assumption that progenitor cells play a critical role in tissue repair by means of their plasticity and differentiation potential. However, recent works suggest that the mechanism underlying the benefits of stem cell transplantation might relate to a paracrine modulatory effect rather than the replacement of affected cells at the site of injury. Therefore, mounting evidence that stem cells may act as a reservoir of trophic signals released to modulate the surrounding tissue has led to a paradigm shift in regenerative medicine. Attention has been shifted from analysis of the stem cell genome to understanding the stem cell "secretome", which is represented by the growth factors, cytokines and chemokines produced through paracrine secretion. Insights into paracrine-mediated repair support a new approach in regenerative medicine and the isolation and administration of specific stem cell-derived paracrine factors may represent an extremely promising strategy, introducing paracrine-based therapy as a novel and feasible clinical application. In this review, we will discuss the regenerative potential of fetal and adult stem cells, with particular attention to their secretome.

Keywords: microvesicles; paracrine effect; secretome; stem cells; tissue repair; trophic factors.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of paracrine therapy using adult or fetal mesenchymal stem cells. After isolation, stem cells are expanded in vitro and stimulated in order to release trophic factors into their conditioned medium via microvesicles/exosomes secretion. Factors directly released in the conditioned medium or contained in the microvesicles may be further isolated and use as therapeutic agent for tissue regeneration and repair.

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Source: PubMed

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