Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Fronto-Parietal Networks: Modulation by Mental State

Stephan F Taylor, Taraz G Lee, John Jonides, Ivy F Tso, Luis Hernandez-Garcia, Stephan F Taylor, Taraz G Lee, John Jonides, Ivy F Tso, Luis Hernandez-Garcia

Abstract

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treats neuropsychiatric disorders, but effects of stimulation are highly state-dependent and in most therapeutic applications, mental state is not controlled. This exploratory proposal will test the broad hypothesis that when TMS, specifically intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), is applied during a controlled mental state, network changes will be facilitated, compared to stimulation when mental state is uncontrolled. We will focus on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the associated fronto-parietal network (FPN), which subserves cognitive control, an important neural and behavioral target of therapeutic TMS. After a baseline functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session, iTBS will be administered to 40 healthy subjects in three sessions over three days in a within-subjects, cross-over design: (1) dlPFC stimulation by iTBS alone, (2) dlPFC stimulation by iTBS while simultaneously performing a cognitive task, and (3) vertex (control) iTBS stimulation. Immediately after each iTBS session, we will measure blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activation during a cognitive control task ("n-back" task) and during the resting state, using BOLD connectivity and arterial spin labeling (ASL). We will test hypotheses that persisting neural changes and performance enhancement induced by iTBS to the dlPFC, compared to iTBS to the vertex, will affect the FPN, and these effects will be modulated by whether or not subjects receive iTBS when they are engaged in a cognitive control task. Demonstrating this interaction between iTBS and mental state will lay critical groundwork for future studies to show how controlling mental state during TMS can improve therapeutic effects.

Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04010461.

Keywords: cognitive control; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors report no financial disclosures or conflicts of interest relevant to the proposal.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Experimental design.

References

    1. Volz LJ, Hamada M, Rothwell JC, Grefkes C. What Makes the Muscle Twitch: Motor System Connectivity and TMS-Induced Activity. Cereb Cortex. 2015;25(9):2346–53.
    1. Fitzgerald PB, Fountain S, Daskalakis ZJ. A comprehensive review of the effects of rTMS on motor cortical excitability and inhibition. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117(12):2584–96.
    1. Paus T Inferring causality in brain images: a perturbation approach. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005;360(1457):1109–14.
    1. Wagner T, Rushmore J, Eden U, Valero-Cabre A. Biophysical foundations underlying TMS: setting the stage for an effective use of neurostimulation in the cognitive neurosciences. Cortex. 2009;45(9):1025–34.
    1. Guse B, Falkai P, Wobrock T. Cognitive effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a systematic review. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2010;117(1):105–22.
    1. Luber B, Lisanby SH. Enhancement of human cognitive performance using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). NeuroImage. 2014;85(Pt 3):961–70.
    1. McClintock SM, Reti IM, Carpenter LL, McDonald WM, Dubin M, Taylor SF, et al. Consensus Recommendations for the Clinical Application of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in the Treatment of Depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018;79(1):16cs10905. doi: 10.4088/JCP.16cs10905
    1. Carmi L, Alyagon U, Barnea-Ygael N, Zohar J, Dar R, Zangen A. Clinical and electrophysiological outcomes of deep TMS over the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in OCD patients. Brain Stimul. 2018;11(1):158–65.
    1. Lan L, Zhang X, Li X, Rong X, Peng Y. The efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation on migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trails. J Headache Pain. 2017;18(1):86.
    1. Gonsalvez I, Baror R, Fried P, Santarnecchi E, Pascual-Leone A. Therapeutic Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2017;14(4):362–76.
    1. Trevizol AP, Barros MD, Silva PO, Osuch E, Cordeiro Q, Shiozawa P. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for posttraumatic stress disorder: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2016;38(1):50–5.
    1. Klein MM, Treister R, Raij T, Pascual-Leone A, Park L, Nurmikko T, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: guidelines for pain treatment research. Pain. 2015;156(9):1601–14.
    1. Shah-Basak PP, Wurzman R, Purcell JB, Gervits F, Hamilton R. Fields or flows? A comparative metaanalysis of transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation to treat post-stroke aphasia. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2016;34(4):537–58.
    1. Berardelli A, Suppa A. Noninvasive brain stimulation in Huntingtonʼs disease. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;116:555–60.
    1. Fitzgerald PB, Daskalakis ZJ. A review of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation use in the treatment of schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53(9):567–76.
    1. Donse L, Padberg F, Sack AT, Rush AJ, Arns M. Simultaneous rTMS and psychotherapy in major depressive disorder: Clinical outcomes and predictors from a large naturalistic study. Brain Stimul. 2018;11(2):337–45.
    1. Kozel FA, Motes MA, Didehbani N, DeLaRosa B, Bass C, Schraufnagel CD, et al. Repetitive TMS to augment cognitive processing therapy in combat veterans of recent conflicts with PTSD: A randomized clinical trial. J Affect Disord. 2018;229:506–14.
    1. Lee J, Choi BH, Oh E, Sohn EH, Lee AY. Treatment of Alzheimerʼs Disease with Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Cognitive Training: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. J Clin Neurol. 2016;12(1):57–64.
    1. Miller EK, Cohen JD. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:167–202.
    1. Snyder HR. Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: a meta-analysis and review. Psychol Bull. 2013;139(1):81–132.
    1. Delorme R, Gousse V, Roy I, Trandafir A, Mathieu F, Mouren-Simeoni MC, et al. Shared executive dysfunctions in unaffected relatives of patients with autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 2007;22(1):32–8.
    1. Mowszowski L, Lampit A, Walton CC, Naismith SL. Strategy-Based Cognitive Training for Improving Executive Functions in Older Adults: a Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev. 2016;26(3):252–70.
    1. Lesh TA, Niendam TA, Minzenberg MJ, Carter CS. Cognitive control deficits in schizophrenia: mechanisms and meaning. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36(1):316–38.
    1. Badre D Cognitive control, hierarchy, and the rostro-caudal organization of the frontal lobes. Trends Cogn Sci. 2008;12(5):193–200.
    1. Braver TS. The variable nature of cognitive control: a dual mechanisms framework. Trends in cognitive sciences. 2012;16(2):106–13.
    1. Driver J, Blankenburg F, Bestmann S, Vanduffel W, Ruff CC. Concurrent brainstimulation and neuroimaging for studies of cognition. Trends Cogn Sci. 2009;13(7):319–27.
    1. Bestmann S The physiological basis of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Trends Cogn Sci. 2008;12(3):81–3.
    1. Pascual-Leone A, Tormos JM, Keenan J, Tarazona F, Canete C, Catala MD. Study and modulation of human cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1998;15(4):333–43.
    1. Siebner HR, Rothwell J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: new insights into representational cortical plasticity. Exp Brain Res. 2003;148(1):1–16.
    1. Wischnewski M, Schutter DJ. Efficacy and Time Course of Theta Burst Stimulation in Healthy Humans. Brain Stimul. 2015;8(4):685–92.
    1. Huang YZ, Edwards MJ, Rounis E, Bhatia KP, Rothwell JC. Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron. 2005;45(2):201–6.
    1. Bear MF, Malenka RC. Synaptic plasticity: LTP and LTD. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1994;4(3):389–99.
    1. Ziemann U, Paulus W, Nitsche MA, Pascual-Leone A, Byblow WD, Berardelli A, et al. Consensus: Motor cortex plasticity protocols. Brain Stimul. 2008;1(3):164–82.
    1. Cirillo G, Di Pino G, Capone F, Ranieri F, Florio L, Todisco V, et al. Neurobiological after-effects of non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Stimul. 2017;10(1):1–18.
    1. Thut G, Pascual-Leone A. A review of combined TMS-EEG studies to characterize lasting effects of repetitive TMS and assess their usefulness in cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Brain Topogr. 2010;22(4):219–32.
    1. Hill AT, Rogasch NC, Fitzgerald PB, Hoy KE. TMS-EEG: A window into the neurophysiological effects of transcranial electrical stimulation in non-motor brain regions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;64:175–84.
    1. Daskalakis ZJ, Farzan F, Barr MS, Maller JJ, Chen R, Fitzgerald PB. Longinterval cortical inhibition from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a TMS-EEG study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33(12):2860–9.
    1. Bergmann TO, Karabanov A, Hartwigsen G, Thielscher A, Siebner HR. Combining non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation with neuroimaging and electrophysiology: Current approaches and future perspectives. Neuroimage. 2016;140:4–19.
    1. Siebner HR, Bergmann TO, Bestmann S, Massimini M, Johansen-Berg H, Mochizuki H, et al. Consensus paper: combining transcranial stimulation with neuroimaging. Brain Stimul. 2009;2(2):58–80.
    1. Fox MD, Halko MA, Eldaief MC, Pascual-Leone A. Measuring and manipulating brain connectivity with resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Neuroimage. 2012;62(4):2232–43.
    1. Stagg CJ, O’Shea J, Johansen-Berg H. Imaging the effects of rTMS-induced cortical plasticity. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):425–36.
    1. Orosz A, Jann K, Wirth M, Wiest R, Dierks T, Federspiel A. Theta burst TMS increases cerebral blood flow in the primary motor cortex during motor performance as assessed by arterial spin labeling (ASL). Neuroimage. 2012;61(3):599–605.
    1. Cardenas-Morales L, Volz LJ, Michely J, Rehme AK, Pool EM, Nettekoven C, et al. Network connectivity and individual responses to brain stimulation in the human motor system. Cereb Cortex. 2014;24(7):1697–707.
    1. Gratton C, Lee TG, Nomura EM, D’Esposito M. The effect of theta-burst TMS on cognitive control networks measured with resting state fMRI. Front Syst Neurosci. 2013;7:124.
    1. Lee TG, D’Esposito M. The dynamic nature of top-down signals originating from prefrontal cortex: a combined fMRI-TMS study. J Neurosci. 2012;32(44):15458–66.
    1. Abraham WC, Bear MF. Metaplasticity: the plasticity of synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 1996;19(4):126–30.
    1. Huang YZ, Rothwell JC, Lu CS, Chuang WL, Lin WY, Chen RS. Reversal of plasticity-like effects in the human motor cortex. J Physiol. 2010;588(Pt 19):3683–93.
    1. Thickbroom GW. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and synaptic plasticity: experimental framework and human models. Exp Brain Res. 2007;180(4):583–93.
    1. Pasley BN, Allen EA, Freeman RD. State-dependent variability of neuronal responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the visual cortex. Neuron. 2009;62(2):291–303.
    1. Fujiwara T, Rothwell JC. The after effects of motor cortex rTMS depend on the state of contraction when rTMS is applied. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;115(7):1514–8.
    1. Ridding MC, Taylor JL, Rothwell JC. The effect of voluntary contraction on cortico-cortical inhibition in human motor cortex. J Physiol. 1995;487(Pt 2):541–8.
    1. Bestmann S, Swayne O, Blankenburg F, Ruff CC, Haggard P, Weiskopf N, et al. Dorsal premotor cortex exerts state-dependent causal influences on activity in contralateral primary motor and dorsal premotor cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2008;18(6):1281–91.
    1. Conte A, Gilio F, Iezzi E, Frasca V, Inghilleri M, Berardelli A. Attention influences the excitability of cortical motor areas in healthy humans. Exp Brain Res. 2007;182(1):109–17.
    1. Massimini M, Ferrarelli F, Huber R, Esser SK, Singh H, Tononi G. Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep. Science. 2005;309(5744):2228–32.
    1. Hanlon CA, Dowdle LT, Austelle CW, DeVries W, Mithoefer O, Badran BW, et al. What goes up, can come down: Novel brain stimulation paradigms may attenuate craving and craving-related neural circuitry in substance dependent individuals. Brain Res. 2015;1628(Pt A):199–209.
    1. Narayana S, Zhang W, Rogers W, Strickland C, Franklin C, Lancaster JL, et al. Concurrent TMS to the primary motor cortex augments slow motor learning. Neuroimage. 2014;85(Pt 3):971–84.
    1. Sandrini M, Umilta C, Rusconi E. The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience: a new synthesis of methodological issues. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(3):516–36.
    1. Bestmann S, Ruff CC, Blankenburg F, Weiskopf N, Driver J, Rothwell JC. Mapping causal interregional influences with concurrent TMS-fMRI. Exp Brain Res. 2008;191(4):383–402.
    1. Silvanto J, Muggleton N, Walsh V. State-dependency in brain stimulation studies of perception and cognition. Trends Cogn Sci. 2008;12(12):447–54.
    1. Cattaneo Z, Silvanto J, Pascual-Leone A, Battelli L. The role of the angular gyrus in the modulation of visuospatial attention by the mental number line. Neuroimage. 2009;44(2):563–8.
    1. Cattaneo L, Sandrini M, Schwarzbach J. State-dependent TMS reveals a hierarchical representation of observed acts in the temporal, parietal, and premotor cortices. Cereb Cortex. 2010;20(9):2252–8.
    1. Silvanto J, Muggleton NG, Cowey A, Walsh V. Neural activation state determines behavioral susceptibility to modified theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation. Eur J Neurosci. 2007;26(2):523–8.
    1. Williams DS, Detre JA, Leigh JS, Koretsky AP. Magnetic resonance imaging of perfusion using spin inversion of arterial water. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89(1):212–6.
    1. Talagala SL, Noll DC. Functional MRI using steady-state arterial water labeling. Magn Reson Med. 1998;39(2):179–83.
    1. Edvinsson L, MacKenzie ET, McCulloch J. Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. New York (US): Raven Press; 1993.
    1. Sokolof L Relation between physiological function and energy metabolism in the central nervous system. J Neurochem. 1977;29:13–26.
    1. Smith AM, Lewis BK, Ruttimann UE, Ye FQ, Sinnwell TM, Yang Y, et al. Investigation of low frequency drift in fMRI signal. NeuroImage. 1999;9(5):526–33.
    1. Bandettini PA, Wong EC, Hinks RS, Tikofsky RS, Hyde JS. Time course of EPI of human brain function during task activation. Magn Reson Med. 1992;25:390–7.
    1. Tjandra T, Brooks JC, Figueiredo P, Wise R, Matthews PM, Tracey I. Quantitative assessment of the reproducibility of functional activation measured with BOLD and MR perfusion imaging: implications for clinical trial design. NeuroImage. 2005;27(2):393–401.
    1. Wang J, Aguirre GK, Kimberg DY, Roc AC, Li L, Detre JA. Arterial spin labeling perfusion fMRI with very low task frequency. Magn Reson Med. 2003;49(5):796–802.
    1. Demeter E, Mirdamadi JL, Meehan SK, Taylor SF. Short theta burst stimulation to left frontal cortex prior to encoding enhances subsequent recognition memory. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2016;16(4):724–35.
    1. Esslinger C, Schuler N, Sauer C, Gass D, Mier D, Braun U, et al. Induction and quantification of prefrontal cortical network plasticity using 5 Hz rTMS and fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35(1):140–51.
    1. Gaudeau-Bosma C, Moulier V, Allard AC, Sidhoumi D, Bouaziz N, Braha S, et al. Effect of two weeks of rTMS on brain activity in healthy subjects during an n-back task: a randomized double blind study. Brain Stimul. 2013;6(4):569–75.
    1. Guse B, Falkai P, Gruber O, Whalley H, Gibson L, Hasan A, et al. The effect of long-term high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on working memory in schizophrenia and healthy controls--a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind fMRI study. Behav Brain Res. 2013;237:300–7.
    1. Brunoni AR, Vanderhasselt MA. Working memory improvement with noninvasive brain stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Cogn. 2014;86:1–9.
    1. Loo CK, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC, McDarmont BN, Mitchell PB, Sachdev PS. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in controlled treatment studies: are some “sham” forms active? Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47(4):325–31.
    1. Park DC, Polk TA, Park R, Minear M, Savage A, Smith MR. Aging reduces neural specialization in ventral visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(35):13091–5.
    1. Carp J, Park J, Hebrank A, Park DC, Polk TA. Age-related neural dedifferentiation in the motor system. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e29411.
    1. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(Suppl 20):22–33;quiz 4–57.
    1. Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;120(12):2008–39.
    1. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio (TX, US): Psychological Corporation; 1996.
    1. Ware J Jr., Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care. 1996;34(3):220–33.
    1. Wilkinson GS. Wide Range Achievement Test 3 (WRAT3). Wilmington (DE, US): Wide Range, Inc.; 1993.
    1. Tombaugh TN. Trail Making Test A and B: normative data stratified by age and education. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;19(2):203–14.
    1. Benson N, Hulac DM, Kranzler JH. Independent examination of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV): what does the WAIS-IV measure? Psychol Assess. 2010;22(1):121–30.
    1. Taylor SF, Ho SS, Abagis T, Angstadt M, Maixner DF, Welsh RC, et al. Changes in brain connectivity during a sham-controlled, transcranial magnetic stimulation trial for depression. J Affect Disord. 2018;232:143–51.
    1. Nystrom LE, Braver TS, Sabb FW, Delgado MR, Noll DC, Cohen JD. Working memory for letters, shapes, and locations: fMRI evidence against stimulusbased regional organization in human prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage. 2000;11(5 Pt 1):424–46.
    1. Volle E, Kinkingnehun S, Pochon JB, Mondon K, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Seassau M, et al. The functional architecture of the left posterior and lateral prefrontal cortex in humans. Cereb Cortex. 2008;18(10):2460–9.
    1. Smith EE, Jonides J. Neuroimaging analyses of human working memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(20):12061–8.
    1. Alsop DC, Detre JA, Golay X, Gunther M, Hendrikse J, Hernandez-Garcia L, et al. Recommended implementation of arterial spin-labeled perfusion MRI for clinical applications: A consensus of the ISMRM perfusion study group and the European consortium for ASL in dementia. Magn Reson Med. 2015;73(1):102–16.
    1. Nielsen JF, Hernandez-Garcia L. Functional perfusion imaging using pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling with low-flip-angle segmented 3D spiral readouts. Magn Reson Med. 2013;69(2):382–90.
    1. Rossini PM, Burke D, Chen R, Cohen LG, Daskalakis Z, Di Iorio R, et al. Noninvasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(6):1071–107.
    1. Oberman L, Edwards D, Eldaief M, Pascual-Leone A. Safety of theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation: a systematic review of the literature. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2011;28(1):67–74.
    1. Mylius V, Ayache SS, Ahdab R, Farhat WH, Zouari HG, Belke M, et al. Definition of DLPFC and M1 according to anatomical landmarks for navigated brain stimulation: inter-rater reliability, accuracy, and influence of gender and age. Neuroimage. 2013;78:224–32.
    1. Fitzgerald PB, Hoy K, McQueen S, Maller JJ, Herring S, Segrave R, et al. A Randomized Trial of rTMS Targeted with MRI Based Neuro-Navigation in Treatment-Resistant Depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34(5):1255–62. doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.233
    1. Worsley KJ, Friston KJ. Analysis of fMRI time-series revisited--again. Neuroimage. 1995;2(3):173–81.
    1. Chumbley J, Worsley K, Flandin G, Friston K. Topological FDR for neuroimaging. NeuroImage. 2010;49(4):3057–64.
    1. Friston KJ, Buechel C, Fink GR, Morris J, Rolls E, Dolan RJ. Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging. Neuroimage. 1997;6(3):218–29.
    1. Behzadi Y, Restom K, Liau J, Liu TT. A component based noise correction method (CompCor) for BOLD and perfusion based fMRI. Neuroimage. 2007;37(1):90–101.
    1. Power JD, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE. Recent progress and outstanding issues in motion correction in resting state fMRI. Neuroimage. 2015;105:536–51.
    1. Pruim RHR, Mennes M, van Rooij D, Llera A, Buitelaar JK, Beckmann CF. ICAAROMA: A robust ICA-based strategy for removing motion artifacts from fMRI data. Neuroimage. 2015;112:267–77.
    1. Cole MW, Anticevic A, Repovs G, Barch D. Variable global dysconnectivity and individual differences in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70(1):43–50.
    1. Yang H, Long XY, Yang Y, Yan H, Zhu CZ, Zhou XP, et al. Amplitude of low frequency fluctuation within visual areas revealed by resting-state functional MRI. Neuroimage. 2007;36(1):144–52.
    1. Tik M, Hoffmann A, Sladky R, Tomova L, Hummer A, Navarro de Lara L, et al. Towards understanding rTMS mechanism of action: Stimulation of the DLPFC causes network-specific increase in functional connectivity. Neuroimage. 2017;162:289–96.
    1. Singh A, Erwin-Grabner T, Sutcliffe G, Paulus W, Dechent P, Antal A, et al. Default mode network alterations after intermittent theta burst stimulation in healthy subjects. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10(1):75.
    1. Rounis E, Stephan KE, Lee L, Siebner HR, Pesenti A, Friston KJ, et al. Acute changes in frontoparietal activity after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a cued reaction time task. J Neurosci. 2006;26(38):9629–38.
    1. Vidal-Pineiro D, Martin-Trias P, Arenaza-Urquijo EM, Sala-Llonch R, Clemente IC, Mena-Sanchez I, et al. Task-dependent activity and connectivity predict episodic memory network-based responses to brain stimulation in healthy aging. Brain Stimul. 2014;7(2):287–96.
    1. Tailby C, Masterton RA, Huang JY, Jackson GD, Abbott DF. Resting state functional connectivity changes induced by prior brain state are not network specific. Neuroimage. 2015;106:428–40.
    1. Plichta MM, Schwarz AJ, Grimm O, Morgen K, Mier D, Haddad L, et al. Test-retest reliability of evoked BOLD signals from a cognitive-emotive fMRI test battery. NeuroImage. 2012;60(3):1746–58.
    1. Mumford JA, Nichols TE. Power calculation for group fMRI studies accounting for arbitrary design and temporal autocorrelation. Neuroimage. 2008;39(1):261–8.
    1. Chen Y, Wang DJ, Detre JA. Test-retest reliability of arterial spin labeling with common labeling strategies. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;33(4):940–9.
    1. Blumberger DM, Vila-Rodriguez F, Thorpe KE, Feffer K, Noda Y, Giacobbe P, et al. Effectiveness of theta burst versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression (THREE-D): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10131):1683–92.

Source: PubMed

赞助者和合作者

医疗条件

药物干预

3
订阅