Thyroid ultrasound
Vikas Chaudhary, Shahina Bano, Vikas Chaudhary, Shahina Bano
Abstract
Thyroid ultrasonography has established itself as a popular and useful tool in the evaluation and management of thyroid disorders. Advanced ultrasound techniques in thyroid imaging have not only fascinated the radiologists but also attracted the surgeons and endocrinologists who are using these techniques in their daily clinical and operative practice. This review provides an overview of indications for ultrasound in various thyroid diseases, describes characteristic ultrasound findings in these diseases, and illustrates major diagnostic pitfalls of thyroid ultrasound.
Keywords: Color doppler; high resolution ultrasonography; thyroid; ultrasound; ultrasound elastography.
Conflict of interest statement
Conflict of Interest: None declared
Figures
References
- Solbiati L, Charboneau JW, Osti V, James EM, Hay ID. The thyroid gland. In: Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, editors. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Mosby; 2005. pp. 735–70.
- Chaudhary V, Bano S. Imaging of the thyroid: Recent advances. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16:371–6.
- Gharib H, Papini E, Valcavi R, Baskin HJ, Crescenzi A, Dottorini ME, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Endocr Pract. 2006;12:63–102.
- Baskin HJ. Ultrasound of thyroid nodules. In: Baskin HJ, editor. Thyroid Ultrasound and Ultrasound-guided FNA Biopsy. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publisher; 2007. pp. 71–86.
- Moon WJ, Jung SL, Lee JH, Na DG, Baek JH, Lee YH, et al. Benign and malignant thyroid nodules: US differentiation–multicenter retrospective study. Radiology. 2008;247:762–70.
- Ghervan C. Thyroid and parathyroid ultrasound. Med Ultrason. 2011;13:80–4.
- Kaplan EL, Shukla M, Hara H, Ito K. Developmental abnormalities of the thyroid. In: De Groot LJ, editor. Endocrinology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1994. pp. 893–9.
- Larsen WJ. Development of the head and the neck. In: Larsen WJ, editor. Human Embryology. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1993. pp. 335–9.
- Léger J, Marinovic D, Garel C, Bonaïti-Pellié C, Polak M, Czernichow P. Thyroid developmental anomalies in first degree relatives of children with congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:575–80.
- Hoang JK, Lee WK, Lee M, Johnson D, Farrell S. US Features of thyroid malignancy: Pearls and pitfalls. Radiographics. 2007;27:847–60.
- Ahuja A, Chick W, King W, Metreweli C. Clinical significance of the comet-tail artifact in thyroid ultrasound. J Clin Ultrasound. 1996;24:129–33.
- Brkljacić B, Cuk V, Tomić-Brzac H, Bence-Zigman Z, Delić-Brkljacić D, Drinković I. Ultrasonic evaluation of benign and malignant nodules in echographically multinodular thyroids. J Clin Ultrasound. 1994;22:71–6.
- Sivanandan R, Soo KC. Pattern of cervical lymph node metastases from papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Br J Surg. 2001;88:1241–4.
- Ruchała M, Szczepanek E. Thyroid ultrasound-a piece of cake? Endokrynol Pol. 2010;61:330–44.
- Ralls PW, Mayekawa DS, Lee KP, Colletti PM, Radin DR, Boswell WD, et al. Color-flow Doppler sonography in Graves disease: “Thyroid inferno”. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;150:781–4.
- Yeh HC, Futterweit W, Gilbert P. Micronodulation: Ultrasonographic sign of Hashimoto thyroiditis. J Ultrasound Med. 1996;15:813–9.
- Anderson L, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Reading CC, Langer JE, Desser T, et al. Hashimoto thyroiditis: Part 1, sonographic analysis of the nodular form of Hashimoto thyroiditis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195:208–15.
- Anderson L, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Reading CC, Langer JE, Desser T, et al. Hashimoto thyroiditis: Part 2, sonographic analysis of benign and malignant nodules in patients with diffuse Hashimoto thyroiditis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195:216–22.
- Yamashiro I, de Cassio Saito O, Chammas MC, Cerri GG. Ultrasound findings in thyroiditis. Radiol Bras. 2007;40:75–9.
- Kunz A, Blank W, Braun B. De Quervain's subacute thyroiditis – color Doppler sonography findings. Ultraschall Med. 2005;26:102–6.
- Ozbayrak M, Kantarci F, Olgun DC, Akman C, Mihmanli I, Kadioglu P. Riedel thyroiditis associated with massive neck fibrosis. J Ultrasound Med. 2009;28:267–71.
- Brkljacic B, Ivanac G, Cikara I, Bozikov V. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided ethanol injection treatment of thyroid toxic and autonomous adenoma: result and long-term follow-up. J Ultrasound Med. 2009;28:S83.
- Schlumberger M, Berg G, Cohen O, Duntas L, Jamar F, Jarzab B, et al. Follow-up of low-risk patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: A European perspective. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;150:105–12.
- Hall TJ. AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: topics in US: beyond the basics: elasticity imaging with US. Radiographics. 2003;23:1657–71.
- Friedrich-Rust M, Sperber A, Holzer K, Diener J, Grünwald F, Badenhoop K, et al. Real-time elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the assessment of thyroid nodules. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2010;118:602–9.
- Mansor M, Okasha H, Esmat S, Hashem AM, Attia KA, El-din Hussein H. Role of ultrasound elastography in prediction of malignancy in thyroid nodules. Endocr Res. 2012;37:67–77.
- Zhang B, Jiang YX, Liu JB, Yang M, Dai Q, Zhu QL, et al. Utility of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for evaluation of thyroid nodules. Thyroid. 2010;20:51–7.
- Ferrari FS, Megliola A, Scorzelli A, Guarino E, Pacini F. Ultrasound examination using contrast agent and elastography in the evaluation of single thyroid nodules: Preliminary results. Journal of Ultrasound. 2008;11:47–54.
- Hong Y, Liu X, Li Z, Zhang X, Chen M, Luo Z. Real-time ultrasound elastography in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. J Ultrasound Med. 2009;28:861–7.
- Moon HJ, Sung JM, Kim EK, Yoon JH, Youk JH, Kwak JY. Diagnostic performance of gray-scale US and elastography in solid thyroid nodules. Radiology. 2012;262:1002–13.
- Giusti M, Orlandi D, Melle G, Massa B, Silvestri E, Minuto F. Is there a real diagnostic impact of the elastography and contrast enhanced ultrasonography in the management of thyroid nodules? J Zhejiang Univ-Sci B (Biomed and Biotechnol) 2012 In press.
Source: PubMed