Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2: Crystalloid: rapid infusion vs slow infusion, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3: Crystalloid: high vs low preload volume, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3: Crystalloid: high vs low preload volume, Outcome 2: Nausea and/or vomiting

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3: Crystalloid: high vs low preload volume, Outcome 3: Apgar

4.1. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload…

4.1. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

4.1. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

4.2. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload…

4.2. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 2: Hypertension requiring intervention

4.2. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 2: Hypertension requiring intervention

4.3. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload…

4.3. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

4.3. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

4.4. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload…

4.4. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 4: Women with nausea or…

4.4. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 4: Women with nausea or vomiting

4.5. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload…

4.5. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH…

4.5. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

4.6. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload…

4.6. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 6: Apgar

4.6. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 6: Apgar

5.1. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs…

5.1. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs cold, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

5.1. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs cold, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

5.2. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs…

5.2. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs cold, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

5.2. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs cold, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

6.1. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.1. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

6.1. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

6.2. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.2. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates with acidosis: Ringer's lactate…

6.2. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates with acidosis: Ringer's lactate vs saline

6.3. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.3. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis: dextrose vs…

6.3. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis: dextrose vs saline

6.4. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.4. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

6.4. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

6.5. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.5. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

6.5. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates:…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates: Apgar score

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar score

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

4.1. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

4.2. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 2: Hypertension requiring intervention

4.3. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

4.4. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 4: Women with nausea or vomiting

4.5. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

4.6. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload…

4.6. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 6: Apgar

4.6. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 6: Apgar

5.1. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs…

5.1. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs cold, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

5.1. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs cold, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

5.2. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs…

5.2. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs cold, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

5.2. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs cold, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

6.1. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.1. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

6.1. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

6.2. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.2. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates with acidosis: Ringer's lactate…

6.2. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates with acidosis: Ringer's lactate vs saline

6.3. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.3. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis: dextrose vs…

6.3. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis: dextrose vs saline

6.4. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.4. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

6.4. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

6.5. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.5. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

6.5. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates:…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates: Apgar score

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar score

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

4.6. Analysis

Comparison 4: Crystalloid: rapid coload vs preload, Outcome 6: Apgar

5.1. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs…

5.1. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs cold, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

5.1. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs cold, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

5.2. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs…

5.2. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs cold, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

5.2. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs cold, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

6.1. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.1. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

6.1. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

6.2. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.2. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates with acidosis: Ringer's lactate…

6.2. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates with acidosis: Ringer's lactate vs saline

6.3. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.3. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis: dextrose vs…

6.3. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis: dextrose vs saline

6.4. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.4. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

6.4. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

6.5. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.5. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

6.5. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates:…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates: Apgar score

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar score

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

5.1. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs cold, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

5.2. Analysis

Comparison 5: Crystalloid: warm vs cold, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

6.1. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

6.2. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates with acidosis: Ringer's lactate vs saline

6.3. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis: dextrose vs saline

6.4. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

6.5. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another…

6.5. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

6.5. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates:…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates: Apgar score

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar score

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

6.5. Analysis

Comparison 6: Crystalloid vs another crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates:…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates: Apgar score

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar score

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid,…

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates:…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates: Apgar score

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar score

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7: Colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

8.4. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates:…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates: Apgar score

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar score

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

8.5. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control,…

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates:…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates: Apgar score

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar score

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

8.6. Analysis

Comparison 8: Colloid vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes,…

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates:…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates: Apgar score

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar score

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

9.1. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

9.2. Analysis

Comparison 9: Colloid: different volumes, Outcome 2: Apgar

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score…

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates:…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates: Apgar score

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar score

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

10.1. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

10.2. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

10.3. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

10.4. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

10.5. Analysis

Comparison 10: Colloid preload vs colloid coload, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women…

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates:…

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates: Apgar score

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar score

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

11.1. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

11.2. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 2: Neonates: Apgar score

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates…

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar score

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

11.3. Analysis

Comparison 11: Colloid + crystalloid vs another colloid + crystalloid, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar score

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

12.1. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

12.2. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

12.3. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac arrhythmia

12.4. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

12.5. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control,…

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

12.6. Analysis

Comparison 12: Ephedrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates: Apgar score

13.1. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

13.2. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

13.3. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

13.4. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

13.5. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 5: Women with impaired consciousness

13.6. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 6: Neonates with acidosis (pH

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid,…

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or…

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

13.7. Analysis

Comparison 13: Ephedrine vs crystalloid, Outcome 7: Neonatal Apgar score

14.1. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

14.2. Analysis

Comparison 14: Ephedrine + crystalloid vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

15.1. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

15.2. Analysis

Comparison 15: Ephedrine + colloid vs crystalloid, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.1. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

16.2. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

16.3. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

16.4. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

16.5. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine,…

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

16.6. Analysis

Comparison 16: Ephedrine vs phenylephrine, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar score

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin,…

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

17.1. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

17.2. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

17.3. Analysis

Comparison 17: Ephedrine vs angiotensin, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

18.1. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

18.2. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

18.3. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

18.4. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and vomiting

18.5. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid,…

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

18.6. Analysis

Comparison 18: Ephedrine vs colloid, Outcome 6: Apgar score

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

19.1. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

19.2. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

19.3. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

19.4. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

19.5. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: 5 Neonates with acidosis (pH

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol,…

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

19.6. Analysis

Comparison 19: Ephedrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

20.1. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

20.2. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

20.3. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

20.4. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses,…

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

20.5. Analysis

Comparison 20: Ephedrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.1. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

21.2. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

21.3. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

21.4. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

21.5. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 5: Neonates with acidosis (pH

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates,…

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension…

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs…

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

21.6. Analysis

Comparison 21: Ephedrine: different rates, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score at 5 min

22.1. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

22.2. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

22.3. Analysis

Comparison 22: Ephedrine: oral vs IM or IV, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and vomiting

23.1. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

23.2. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

23.3. Analysis

Comparison 23: Ephedrine: IM vs IV, Outcome 3: Apgar

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

24.1. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

24.2. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

24.3. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

24.4. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with acidosis (pH

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

24.5. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control,…

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

24.6. Analysis

Comparison 24: Phenylephrine vs control, Outcome 6: Neonates with Apgar

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine,…

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

25.1. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

25.2. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

25.3. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 3: Cardiac dysrhythmia

25.4. Analysis

Comparison 25: Phenylephrine vs mephentermine, Outcome 4: Nausea and/or vomiting

26.1. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

26.2. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

26.3. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

26.4. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

26.5. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 5: Neonatal pH

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol,…

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

26.6. Analysis

Comparison 26: Phenylephrine vs metaraminol, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg…

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs…

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

27.1. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

27.2. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

27.3. Analysis

Comparison 27: Phenylephrine vs leg compression, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

28.1. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

28.2. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

28.3. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 3: Women with nausea/vomiting

28.4. Analysis

Comparison 28: Phenylephrine: infusion vs bolus, Outcome 4: Neonatal Apgar score

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

29.1. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

29.2. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

29.3. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 3: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia

29.4. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

29.5. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 5: Neonatal cord blood pH

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses,…

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

29.6. Analysis

Comparison 29: Phenylephrine: different doses, Outcome 6: Neonatal Apgar score

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control,…

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

30.1. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

30.2. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 2: Women with hypertension requiring intervention

30.3. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 3: Women with bradycardia

30.4. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 4: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

30.5. Analysis

Comparison 30: Glycopyrrolate vs control, Outcome 5: Neonates with Apgar score

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

31.1. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

31.2. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

31.3. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea or vomiting

31.4. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 4: Women with anaphylaxis

31.5. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 5: Neonatal Apgar score

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control,…

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

31.6. Analysis

Comparison 31: Ondansetron vs control, Outcome 6: Neonatal pH

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine,…

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control,…

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline,…

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

32.1. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

32.2. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

32.3. Analysis

Comparison 32: Ondansetron vs ephedrine, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

33.1. Analysis

Comparison 33: Granisetron vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.1. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

34.2. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

34.3. Analysis

Comparison 34: Ketamine vs saline, Outcome 3: Apgar score

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control,…

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

35.1. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

35.2. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

35.3. Analysis

Comparison 35: Angiotensin vs control, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control,…

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

36.1. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

36.2. Analysis

Comparison 36: Dopamine vs control, Outcome 2: Neonatal Apgar score

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or…

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score…

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

37.1. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

37.2. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 2: Women with bradycardia

37.3. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

37.4. Analysis

Comparison 37: Lower limb compression vs control, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar score

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine,…

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs…

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

38.1. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

38.2. Analysis

Comparison 38: Wedge vs supine, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

39.1. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

39.2. Analysis

Comparison 39: Head‐up tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs…

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar…

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

40.1. Analysis

Comparison 40: Head‐down tilt vs horizontal, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.1. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

41.2. Analysis

Comparison 41: Crawford's wedge vs manual uterine displacement, Outcome 2: Neonates with Apgar score

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

42.1. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

42.2. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

42.3. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 3: Neonates with acidosis (pH

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting,…

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

42.4. Analysis

Comparison 42: Supine vs sitting, Outcome 4: Neonates with Apgar

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying,…

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring…

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia…

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal…

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine…

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension…

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac…

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea…

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women…

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs…

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo,…

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Adsumelli 2003 {published data only}

1. Adsumelli RSN, Steinberg ES, Schabel JE, Saunders TA, Poppers PJ. Sequential compression device with thigh-high sleeves supports mean arterial pressure during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;91(5):695-8. - PubMed

Alahuhta 1992 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(3):129-34. - PubMed

Alimian 2014 {published data only}

1. Alimian M, Mohseni M, Safaeian R, Faiz SH, Majedi MA. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch 6% and crystalloids for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2014;68(4):279-81. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2010 {published data only}

1. Allen TK, George RB, White WD, Muir HA, Habib AS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1221-9. - PubMed

Amaro 1998 {published data only}

1. Amaro AR, Capelli EL, Cardoso MMSC, Rosa MCR, Carvalho JCA. Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford's edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [Deslocamento uterino manual ou cunha de crawford modificada? Estudo comparativo em raquianestesia para cesarianas]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1998;48(2):99-104.

Ansari 2011 {published data only}

1. Ansari T, Hashem M, Razek A, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison of two doses of phenylephrine with crystalloid cohydration for prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section: a double-blind randomised controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S37.
1. Ansari T, Hashem MM, Hassan AA, Gamassy A, Saleh A. Comparison between two phenylephrine infusion rates with moderate co-loading for the prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during elective caesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2011;21(3):361-6. - PubMed

Arora 2015 {published data only}

1. Arora P, Singh RM, Kundra S, Gautam PL. Fluid administration before caesarean delivery: Does type and timing matter? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2015;9(6):UC01-4. - PMC - PubMed

Bhagwanjee 1990 {published data only}

1. Bhagwanjee S, Rocke DA, Rout CC, Koovarjee RV, Brijball R. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65(6):819-22. - PubMed

Bhardwaj 2013 {published data only}

1. Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Arora S, Bharti N. A comparison of three vasopressors for tight control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: effect of maternal and fetal outcome. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2013;29(1):26-31. - PMC - PubMed

Bottiger 2010 {published data only}

1. Bottiger B, Bezinover D, Dalal P, Prozesky J, Vaida S. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal induced hypotension during cesarean delivery preliminary results. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, USA. soap.org/display_2010_abstract.php?id=114: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2010. [Abstract no 114]
1. NCT00846651. Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension during cesarean section [Comparison of phenylephrine infusion with colloids vs. crystalloids for reduction of spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean section]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00846651 (first received 18 February 2009).

Bouchnak 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Magouri M, Abassi S, Khemiri K, Tlili F, Troudi H, et al. Preloading with HES 130/0.4 versus normal saline solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [Préremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 versus sérum salé isotonique dans la prévention de l'hypotension au cours de la rachianesthésie pour césarienne programmée]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2012;31:523-7. - PubMed

Calvache 2011 {published data only}

1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron F. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii96. - PubMed
1. Calvache JA, Munoz MF, Baron FJ. Hemodynamic effects of a right lumbar-pelvic wedge during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(4):307-11. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004a {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Bliacheriene S, Freitas CRC, Cesar DS, Torres MLA. Preload during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison between crystalloid and colloid solutions. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(6):781-7. - PubMed

Carvalho 1999a {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 1999b {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Capelli EL, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during cesarean delivery spinal anesthesia: dose-response study of bolus and continuous infusion administration [Efedrina profilatica durante raquianestesia para cesariana: estudo dose-resposta da administracao em bolus e em infusao continua]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1999;49(5):309-14.

Carvalho 2000 {published data only}

1. Carvalho JCA, Cardoso MMSC, Lorenz E, Amaro AR, Rosa MCR. Prophylactic ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: bolus followed by continuous infusion in fixed doses or continuous infusion in decreasing doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2000;50(6):425-30.

Carvalho 2009 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):150-5. - PubMed

Chan 1997 {published data only}

1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed

Chohedri 2007 {published data only}

1. Chohedri AH, Khojeste L, Shahbazi S, Alahyari E. Ephedrine for prevention hypotension; comparison between intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2007;14(4):610-5.

Cyna 2010 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12606000391572. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81583 (first received 5 September 2006).
1. Barnard A, Newman M, Cyna AM. Walking versus lying to prevent hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section - a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):769-70.

Dahlgren 2005 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Pregner K, Rosblad PG, Wessel, Irestedt L. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2005;49(8):1200-6. - PubMed

Dahlgren 2007 {published data only}

1. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):128-34. - PubMed

Damevski 2011 {published data only}

1. Damevski V, Damevska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov J, Sivevski A. Caesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids. Bratislava Medical Journal 2011;112(8):459-62. - PubMed

Das Neves 2010 {published data only}

1. Das Neves JFNP, Monteiro GA, Almeida JR, Sant'Anna RS, Bonin HB, Macedo CF. Phenylephrine for blood pressure control in elective cesarean section: therapeutic versus prophylactic doses. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2010;60(4):391-8. - PubMed

Davies 2006 {published data only}

1. Davies P, French GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15(4):279-83. - PubMed

Doherty 2012 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Phenylephrine infusion versus bolus regimens during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;115(6):1343-50. - PubMed

Dyer 2004 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Farina Z, Joubert IA, Du Toit P, Meyer M, Torr G, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004;32(3):351-7. - PubMed

Eldaba 2015 {published data only}

1. Eldaba AA, Amr YM. Intravenous granisetron attenuates hypotension during spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2015;31(3):329-32. - PMC - PubMed

El‐Mekawy 2012 {published data only}

1. El-Mekawy NM. Comparative study between ephedrine infusion vs. CO/post loading of fluids for prevention of hypotension in emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(3):193-8.

Embu 2011 {published data only}

1. Embu HY, Isamade ES, Nuhu SI, Ishaku LA. Prevention of spinal hypotension during caesarean section: comparison of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and ringer's lactate. African Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011;11(1):1-5.

Farid 2016 {published data only}

1. Farid Z, Mushtaq R, Ashraf S, Zaeem K. Comparative efficacy of crystalloid preloading and co-loading to prevent spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2016;10(1):42-5.

Faydaci 2011 {published data only}

1. Faydaci F, Gunaydin B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2011;62(1):5-10. - PubMed

French 1999 {published data only}

1. French GWG, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(3):475-7. - PubMed
1. French GWG, White JB, Popat M. Volume preloading with pentastarch in elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:207-8.

Gomaa 2003 {published data only}

1. Gomaa GA, Elewa SA. Prophylactic use of vasopressors for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;19(1):45-50.

Grubb 2004 {published data only}

1. Grubb CT, Balestrieri PJ, Durieux ME. Effects of intramuscular ephedrine during subarachnoid block for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1184.

Gulhas 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Ozgul U, Erdil F, Sanli M, Nakir H, Yologlu S, et al. The effect of low-dose ketamine on ephedrine requirement following spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections: a randomised controlled trial. HealthMED 2012;6(8):2870-6.

Gunaydin 2009 {published data only}

1. Gunaydin B, Camgoz N, Polat GA. [Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of fixed volume of crystalloid or colloid preloading for elective cesarean sections before spinal anesthesia] [Sezaryen operasyonlarinda spinal anestezi oncesi sabit volumde kristalloid veya kolloid onyuklemesinin maternal ve neonatal etkileri nin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2009;17(4):205-10.

Gunusen 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2010;38(4):647-53. - PubMed

Hall 1994 {published data only}

1. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994;73(4):471-4. - PubMed

Hartley 2001 {published data only}

1. Hartley H, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Seed PT, Reynolds F. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of the effects of right lateral and supine-wedged positions on blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A91.
1. Hartley H, Seed PT, Ashworth H, Kubli M, O'Sullivan G, Reynolds F. Effect of lateral versus supine wedged position on development of spinal blockade and hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(3):182-8. - PubMed

Hasan 2012 {published data only}

1. Hasan AB, Mondal MK, Badruddoza NM, Bhowmick DK, Islam MS, Akhtaruzzaman KM, et al. Comparison of three fluid regimens for preloading in elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ 2012;21(3):533-40. - PubMed

Hwang 2012 {published data only}

1. Hwang JW, Oh AY, Song IA, Na HS, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of a prolonged lateral position on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(6):646-52. - PubMed

Idehen 2014 {published data only}

1. Idehen HO, Amadasun FE, Ekwere IT. Comparison of intravenous colloid and colloid-crystalloid combination in hypotension prophylaxis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2014;17(3):309-13. - PubMed

Imam 2012 {published data only}

1. Imam SM, Ali CA, Hussain S. The efficacy of prophylactic combination therapy using ephedrine iv along with fluid preload as compared to fluid preloading alone or IV ephedrine alone in prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(3):573-6.

Inglis 1995 {published data only}

1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995;50(4):363-5. - PubMed
1. Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady EM. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(3):180-1.

Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}

1. Jabalameli M, Soltani AH, Hashemi J, Behdad S, Soleimani B. A randomized comparative trial of combinational methods for preventing post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean delivery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(9):1129-38. - PMC - PubMed

Jacob 2012 {published data only}

1. Jacob JJ, Williams A, Verghese M, Afzal L. Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid coload for parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):10-5.

James 1973 {published data only}

1. James FM, Greiss FC. The use of inflatable boots to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1973;52:246-51. - PubMed

Jorgensen 1996 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen J, Christensen PK, Sonnenschein CH. Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(11):1526-9. - PubMed

Jorgensen 2000 {published data only}

1. Jorgensen HS, Bach LF, Helbo-Hansen HS, Nielsen PA. Warm or cold saline for volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(1):20-5. - PubMed

Karinen 1995 {published data only}

1. Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(5):531-5. - PubMed

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. Khan M, Waqar-ul-Nisai, Farooqi A, Ahmad N, Qaz S. Crystalloid co-load: a better option than crystalloid pre-load for prevention of postspinal hypotension in elective caesarean section. Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;32(1).

King 1998 {published data only}

1. King SW, Rosen MA. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7(1):18-22. - PubMed

Kohler 2002 {published data only}

1. Kohler F, Sorensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(4):441-6. - PubMed

Kohli 2013 {published data only}

1. Kohli M, Arora S. Evaluation of efficacy of sequential compression device for prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(Suppl 1):S30.

Kuhn 2016 {published data only}

1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring during caesarean delivery: phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-02.
1. Kuhn JC, Hauge TH, Rosseland LA, Dahl V, Langesaeter E. Hemodynamics of phenylephrine infusion versus lower extremity compression during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2016;122(4):1120-9. - PubMed

Kundra 2007 {published data only}

1. Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M. Manual displacement of the uterus during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2007;62(5):460-5. - PubMed

Kundra 2008 {published data only}

1. Kundra S, Abraham V, Afzal L. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus crystalloid preloading. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(4):433-6.

Lin 1999 {published data only}

1. Lin CS, Lin TY, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CR, Chan WH, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: dextran 40 versus lactated Ringer's solution. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1999;37(2):55-9. - PubMed

Loke 2002 {published data only}

1. Loke GPY, Chan EHY, Sia ATH. The effect of 10 (degree) head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002;57(2):169-72. - PubMed

Loo 2002 {published data only}

1. Loo C, Qah T. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine and spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94:S189.

Loughrey 2002 {published data only}

1. Loughrey J, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarian section [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78(Suppl 1):109.
1. Loughrey JPR, Walsh F, Gardiner J. Prophylactic intravenous bolus ephedrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(1):63-8. - PubMed

Loughrey 2005 {published data only}

1. Loughrey JPR, Yao N, Datta S, Segal S, Pian-Smith M, Tsen LC. Hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia and simultaneous intravenous bolus of combined phenylephrine and ephedrine versus ephedrine for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):43-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2008 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Sleilaty G, Richa F, Cherfane A, Haddad F, et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) versus lactated ringer's solution. Lebanese Medical Journal 2008;56(4):203-7. - PubMed
1. Madi-Jebara SN, Ghosn A, Cherfane A, Antakly MC, Yazigi A. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Voluven* (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) versus lactated ringer's solution [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Suppl):A1197. - PubMed

Magalhaes 2009 {published data only}

1. Magalhaes E, Goveia CS, Araujo Ladeira LC, Nascimento BG, Kluthcouski SM. Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2009;59(1):15-20. - PubMed

Marciniak 2013 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Wujtewicz M, Owczuk R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn--a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia 2013;45(1):14-9. - PubMed

Marciniak 2015 {published data only}

1. Marciniak A, Owczuk R, Wujtewicz M, Preis K, Majdylo K. The influence of intravenous ondansetron on maternal blood haemodynamics after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(6):461-7. - PubMed

Mathru 1980 {published data only}

1. Mathru M, Rao TLK, Kartha RK, Shanmugham M, Jacobs HK. Intravenous albumin administration for prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1980;59(9):655-8. - PubMed

Mercier 2014 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Diemunsch P, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Mignon A, Fischler M, Malinovsky JM, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(3):459-67. - PubMed

Miyabe 1997 {published data only}

1. Miyabe M, Sato S. The effect of head-down tilt position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Regional Anesthesia 1997;22(3):239-42. - PubMed

Mohta 2010 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5. - PubMed

Morgan 2000 {published data only}

1. Morgan D, Philip J, Sharma S, Gottumukkala V, Perez B, Wiley J. A neonatal outcome with ephedrine infusions with or without preloading during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;92(Suppl):A5.

Moslemi 2015 {published data only}

1. Moslemi F, Rasooli S. Comparison of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine with ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(1):19-26. - PMC - PubMed

Muzlifah 2009 {published data only}

1. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2009;64(2):114-7. - PubMed

Nazir 2012 {published data only}

1. Nazir I, Bhat MA, Qazi S, Buchh VN, Gurcoo SA. Comparison between phenylephrine and ephedrine in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Child Care 2012;21(2):92-7.

Ngan Kee 2000 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee BB, Lau TK. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(1):107.
1. Ngan Kee WD, Shaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(6):1390-5. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;98(3):815-21. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2013a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2013;22(3):179-87. - PubMed

Nishikawa 2007 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yokoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of effects of rapid colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes in cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2007;21(2):125-9. - PubMed

Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}

1. Nivatpumin P, Thamvittayakul V. Ephedrine versus ondansetron in the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2016;27:25-31. - PubMed

Oh 2014 {published data only}

1. Oh AY, Hwang JW, Song IA, Kim MH, Ryu JH, Park HP, et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed

Olsen 1994 {published data only}

1. Olsen KS, Feilberg VL, Hansen CL, Rudkjobing O, Pedersen T, Kyst A. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:20-4. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2014 {published data only}

1. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Morillas-Ramirez F, Fornet-Ruiz I, Lorenzo-Jimenez A, Bermejo-Albares ML. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on maternal haemodynamics during elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(2):138-43. - PubMed

Ouerghi 2010 {published data only}

1. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010; 20(5):667-72. - PubMed

Ozkan 2004 {published data only}

1. Ozkan T, Eker A, Karadeniz M, Haker N, Korap N, Tugrul M. Maternal and neonatal effects of different fluid and ephedrine combinations for prehydration before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2004;29(Suppl 2):16.

Perumal 2004 {published data only}

1. Perumal T, Fernando R, Bray J, Coloumb M. Maternal hemodynamic parameters after crystalloid vs colloid preloading for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a supra sternal doppler comparison [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1233.

Pouliou 2006 {published data only}

1. Pouliou A, Kiskia O, Kolotoura A, Hapsa H, Andreotti B, Emexidis TH. Prevention of hypotension caused during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intramuscular or intravenous ephedrine [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):17.

Pouta 1996 {published data only}

1. Pouta AM, Karinen J, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:128-32. - PubMed

Ramin 1994 {published data only}

1. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171(3):734-9. - PubMed

Rees 2002 {published data only}

1. Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs full lateral position after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A82. - PubMed
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Comparison of true 15 degree table tilt vs. full lateral position after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:210.
1. Rees SGO, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJL, Kinsella SM. Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):15-20. - PubMed

Riley 1995 {published data only}

1. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;81(4):838-42. - PubMed

Romdhani 2014 {published data only}

1. Romdhani C, Trabelsi W, Lebbi A, Naas I, Elaskri H, Gharsallah H, et al. Lower incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia with 6% hydroxyethyl starch preload compared to 9% saline solution in caesarean delivery [Incidence de l'hypotension apres une anesthesie rachidienne avec 6% d'amidon hydroxyethyle compare au serum sale a 9% dans les cesariennes]. Tunisie Medicale 2014;92(6):406-10. - PubMed

Rout 1992 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:394-7. - PubMed

Rout 1993a {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48(4):304-8. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed

Selvan 2004 {published data only}

1. Selvan T, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. Suprasternal Doppler estimation of cardiac output following intravenous fluid preloading for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S8.

Siddik 2000 {published data only}

1. Siddik SM, Aouad MT, Kai GE, Sfeir MM, Baraka AS. Hydroxyethylstarch 10% is superior to ringer's solution for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(7):616-21. - PubMed

Siddik‐Sayyid 2009 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(4):1219-24. - PubMed
1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Zbeidy RA. Colloid prehydration versus colloid cohydration during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1128.

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. Singh U, Saha U. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section-comparison of volume preloading with ringer lactate & 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4). Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(1):54-8.

Singh 2014 {published data only}

1. Singh K, Payal YS, Sharma JP, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2014;4(1):23-8.

Singh 2016 {published data only}

1. Singh TH, Thokchom RS, Sinam M, Nongthonbam R, Devi MB, Singh KM. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for prevention of hypotension in cesarean section during spinal anesthesia: a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2016;30(2):116-20.

Sood 1996 {published data only}

1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK, Pickering RM. Thromboembolic deterrent stockings fail to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5(3):172-5. - PubMed
1. Sood PK, Cooper PJF, Michel MZ, Wee MYK. Do TED (thrombo-embolic deterrent) stockings prevent or attenuate hypotension of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:177-8. - PubMed

Stein 1997 {published data only}

1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84:342-5. - PubMed

Sujata 2012 {published data only}

1. Panigrahi BP, Namiath S, Arora D, Das S. Use of a sequential compression mechanical device to prevent spinal hypotension in elective cesarean section. In: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 2011 Annual Meeting; 2011 October 15-19; Illinois, Chicago. 2011.
1. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(2):140-5. - PubMed

Sutherland 2001 {published data only}

1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of TED stockings and sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:193. - PubMed
1. Sutherland PD, Wee MYK, Weston-Smith P, Skinner T, Thomas P. The use of thromboembolic deterrent stockings and a sequential compression device to prevent spinal hypotension during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10(2):97-102. - PubMed

Tawfik 2014 {published data only}

1. Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, Badran BA, Gohar FM, Shabana AM, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(4):317-23. - PubMed

Tercanli 2005 {published data only}

1. Tercanli S, Schneider M, Visca E, Hosli I, Troeger C, Peukert R, et al. Influence of volume preloading on uteroplacental and fetal circulation during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2002;17(3):142-6. - PubMed

Terkawi 2015 {published data only}

1. Terkawi AS, Mehta SH, Hackworth JH, Tiouririne M. Ondansetron dose not attenuates hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-194.
1. Terkawi AS, Tiouririne M, Mehta SH, Hackworth JM, Tsang S, Durieux ME. Ondansetron does not attenuate hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery using subarachnoid anesthesia. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(4):344-8. - PubMed

Torres unpub {unpublished data only}

1. Torres D. Untitled manuscript (as supplied prior to 18 July 2017). Data on file .

Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}

1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:158061. - PMC - PubMed

Tsen 2000 {published data only}

1. Tsen LC, Boosalis P, Segal S, Datta S, Bader A. Hemodynamic effects of simultaneous administration of intravenous ephedrine and spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:378-82. - PubMed

Turkoz 2002 {published data only}

1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Gokdeniz R, Toprak H, Ersoy O. Effectiveness of intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section based in maternal hypotension, neonatal acid base status and lactate levels. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2002;30(3):316-20. - PubMed
1. Turkoz A, Togal T, Toprak HI, Gokdeniz R, Pelik F, Ersoy O. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:161.

Ueyama 1992 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Tanigami H, Nishimua M, Tashiro C. Prophylactic intravenous administration for cesarean section during spinal anesthesia in laboring and nonlaboring patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A975.

Ueyama 1999 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1571-6. - PubMed

Ueyama 2002 {published data only}

1. Ueyama H, Hiuge Y, Takashina M, Mashimo T. Maternal cardiovascular effects of prophylactic ephedrine and phenylephrine for elective caesarean section undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl:A1051.

Unlugenc 2015 {published data only}

1. Unlugenc H, Turktan M, Evruke IC, Gunduz M, Burgut R, Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, et al. Rapid fluid administration and the incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia and ephedrine requirement: the effect of crystalloid versus colloid coloading. Middle East Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;23(3):273-81. - PubMed

Upadya 2016 {published data only}

1. Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated ringer's solution - for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(1):33-7. - PMC - PubMed

Ure 1999 {published data only}

1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed

Wang 2014a {published data only}

1. Wang M, Zhuo L, Wang Q, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic intravenous ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension during cesarean delivery: a dose-dependent study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5210-6. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2014b {published data only}

1. Wang Q, Zhuo L, Shen MK, Yu YY, Yu JJ, Wang M. Ondansetron preloading with crystalloid infusion reduces maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(10):913-21. - PubMed

Webb 1998 {published data only}

1. Webb AA, Shipton EA. Re-evaluation of i.m. ephedrine as prophylaxis against hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(4):367-9. - PubMed

Wilson 1998 {published data only}

1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A12.
1. Wilson DJ, Heid R, Douglas MJ, Rurak DW. The effects of preoperative glucose administration on spinal-induced hypotension in elective C/S delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A61.

Wilson 1999 {published data only}

1. Wilson D, Douglas J, Heid R, Rurak D. Preoperative dextrose does not affect spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;46(11):1024-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 1997 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama H, Kubota N, Toda K. Continuous infusion of dopamine to maintain stable arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:72-3.

Yorozu 2002 {published data only}

1. Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer's solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2002;16(3):203-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adekanye 2007 {published data only}

1. Adekanye O, Sivasankar R, Collis RE. Hypotension following low-dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: left lateral versus supine tilted position [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S9.

Adigun 2010 {published data only}

1. Adigun TA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Soyannwo OA. Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2010;39(1):13-20. - PubMed

Akhtar 2011 {published data only}

1. Akhtar FM, Kazi WA, Rizvi A, Mushtaq R, Alia A. Prevention of hypotension in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia; new modified supine wedged position. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(2 Suppl 1):157.

Alahuhta 1994 {published data only}

1. Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lummet R, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI, Jouppila P. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3(4):187-92. - PubMed

Amponsah 2011 {published data only}

1. Amponsah AP, Cohen S, Lasalle S, Shah S, Daley W. Can hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section (C/S) be prevented with 6% hetastarch more effectively than prophylactic IV ephedrine? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):510.

Aragao 2014 {published data only}

1. Aragao FF, Aragao PW, Martins CA, Salgado Filho N, Barroqueiro Ede S. Comparison of metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine in prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2014;64(5):299-306. - PubMed

Arai 2008 {published data only}

1. Arai YC, Kato N, Matsura M, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(1):78-81. - PubMed

Arboleda 2012 {published data only}

1. Arboleda DPB, Ruiz NJF, Mejia GAM, Garcia NIS, Penuela EJG. Etilefrine vs phenylephrine for hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: clinical trial controlled multicenter randomized, double blind. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:TW-2.

Armstrong 2010 {published data only}

1. Armstrong SL, Fernando R, Jones TL, Columb M. Positioning for obstetric anaesthesia and its effects on maternal cardiac output and fetal wellbeing. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(Suppl 1):S10.

Ashpole 2005 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(Suppl 1):S5.
1. Ashpole KJ, Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes occurring with phenylephrine and ephedrine infusions after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):9.

Atalay 2010 {published data only}

1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed

Atashkhoyi 2012 {published data only}

1. Atashkhoyi S, Fardiazar Z, Hatami MP, Torab R. Comparison the effect of ephedrine and phenylephrine in treatment of hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;2:192-6.

Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}

1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarian section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84:277P-278P. - PubMed
1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
1. Heidemann BH, Clark VA. Use of pre-emptive vasopressors for spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(2):320-1. - PubMed

Aziz 2013 {published data only}

1. Aziz N, Bangash R, Khan P. Comparison between ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post spinal hypotension during elective cesarean section. Journal of Medical Sciences (Peshawar) 2013;21(1):27-30.

Bach 2002 {published data only}

1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Esler M, Gunka V. Incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A55.
1. Bach PS, Kamani A, Douglas J, Gunka V, Esler M. The impact of a tightly controlled trial on the incidence of hypotension after spinal for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1029.
1. Bach PS, Kamani AA, Douglas JM, Gunka V, Esler M. The importance of methodological variables in the study of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: pentastarch vs. normal saline. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):GM-6.

Balcan 2011 {published data only}

1. Balcan A, Cindea I, Gherghina V, Nicolae G. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: Comparison of maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:160.

Basuni 2016 {published data only}

1. Basuni AS. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam and low-dose bupivacaine improves hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2016;32(1):44-8. - PMC - PubMed

Belzarena 2006 {published data only}

1. Belzarena SD. Ephedrine and etilefrine as vasopressor to correct maternal arterial hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Comparative study [Estudo comparativo entre efedrina e etilefrina como vasopressor para correcao da hipotensao arterial materna em cesarianas eletivas com raquianestesia]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2006;56(3):223-9. - PubMed

Benhamou 1998 {published data only}

1. Benhamou D, Thorin D, Brichant J-F, Dailland P, Milon D, Schneider M. Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):609-13. - PubMed

Bhar 2011 {published data only}

1. Bhar D, Bharati S, Halder PS, Mondal S, Sarkar M, Jana S. Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2011;109(5):300-3, 307. - PubMed

Bhattarai 2010 {published data only}

1. Bhattarai B, Bhat SY, Upadya M. Comparsion of bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2010;49(177):23-8. - PubMed

Bjornestad 2009 {published data only}

1. Bjornestad E, Iversen OE, Raeder J. Wrapping of the legs versus phenylephrine for reducing hypotension in parturients having epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, randomized and double-blind study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(10):842-6. - PubMed

Borgia 2002 {published data only}

1. Borgia ML, Pinto R, Meloncelli S, Ferri F, Berritta C, Panella I, et al. Influence of the position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section delivery [Effetti della posizione materna durante l'induzione di anestesia subarachnoidea - epidurale combinata nel parto cesareo]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Italica 2002;52:143-8.

Bouchnak 2006 {published data only}

1. Bouchnak M, Belhadj N, Chaaoua T, Azaiez W, Hamdi M, Maghrebi H. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: does injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension? [Rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: la vitesse d'injection a-t-elle une influence sur l'incidence de l'hypotension?]. Annales Francaises d Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2006;25(1):17-9. - PubMed

Bouslama 2012 {published data only}

1. Bouslama MA, Ghaddab A, Khouadja H, Beji T, Tarmiz K, Ben Jazia K. No benefice of low-dose bupivacaine (7.5mg) in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery to prevent hypotension. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Bryson 2007 {published data only}

1. Bryson GL, MacNeil R, Jeyaraj LM, Rosaeg OP. Small dose spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(7):531-7. - PubMed

Butwick 2007 {published data only}

1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S4.
1. Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;54(3):190-5. - PubMed
1. Butwick AJ, Starre P, Carvalho B. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preloads on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography in parturients prior to elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9.

Cai 2016 {published data only}

1. Cai YX, Zeng K, Ni J, Huang W. [The effect of different positions on block plane of isobaric bupivacaine for caesarean section with combined spinal-eqidural analgesia]. Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition 2016;47(2):283-6. - PubMed

Campbell 1993 {published data only}

1. Campbell DC, Douglas J, Pavy TJG, Merrick P, Flanagan ML, McMorland GH. Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40(12):1131-5. - PubMed

Cardoso 2004b {published data only}

1. Cardoso MMSC, Santos MM, Yamaguchi ET, Hirahara JT, Amaro AR. Fluid preload in obstetric patients. How to do it? Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54(1):13-9. - PubMed

Cardoso 2005 {published data only}

1. Cardoso MM, Yamaguchi ET, Amaro AR, Mezzetti R, Torres MA. Fetal and maternal effects of bolus of phenylephrine or metaraminol during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):31.

Carvalho 2015 {published data only}

1. Carvalho B, Mangum K, Wang R, Drover D. Ondansetron does not prevent spinal hypotension but reduces total vasopressor requirements in women undergoing caesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-10.

Cesur 2008 {published data only}

1. Cesur M, Alici HA, Erdem AF, Borekci B, Silbir F. Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(3):217-22. - PubMed

Chanimov 2006 {published data only}

1. Chanimov M, Gershfeld S, Cohen ML, Sherman D, Bahar M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid-base status. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):676-9. - PubMed

Choi 2005 {published data only}

1. Choi DH, Ko JS, Cho CH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid dural spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):74.
1. Kim CS, Ahn HJ, Shin SH, Choi DH. Prevention of hypotension with crystalloid versus colloid during spinal or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(4):408-13.

Chung 1996 {published data only}

1. Chung CJ, Bae SH, Chae KY, Chin YJ. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean section: effects of volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):145-9. - PubMed

Clark 1980 {published data only}

1. Clark RB, Brunner JA. Dopamine for the treatment of spinal hypotension during caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980;53(6):514-7. - PubMed

Cohen 2002 {published data only}

1. Cohen S, Denenberg H, Alptekin B, Ginsberg S, Bokhari F, Burley E, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S? Anesthesiology 2002;96 Suppl 1:Abstract no: P-88.

Cooper 2002 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira W, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1582-90. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vasopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):268-9. - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall D, et al. Intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S5. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Jeyaraj L, Hynd R, Thompson R, Meek T, Ryall DM, et al. Evidence that intravenous vasopressors can affect rostral spread of spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2004;101(1):28-33. - PubMed

Cooper 2007 {published data only}

1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia and fetal acid-base equilibrium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(5):649-56. - PubMed
1. Cooper DW, Gibb SC, Meek T, Owen S, Kokri MS, Malik AT, et al. Effect of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section and fetal acid-base equilibrium. Anaesthesia 2008;63:902. - PubMed

Coppejans 2006 {published data only}

1. Coppejans HC, Hendrickx E, Goossens J, Vercauteren MP. The sitting versus right lateral position during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: block characteristics and severity of hypotension. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2006;102(1):243-7. - PubMed

Das 2011 {published data only}

1. Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal M, Mandal S, Basu SR. A comparative study of infusions of phenylephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine plus ephedrine on maternal haemodynamics in elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;55(6):578-83. - PMC - PubMed

Datta 1982 {published data only}

1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56(1):68-70. - PubMed

Davemski 2007 {published data only}

1. Davemski V, Davemska G, Krivasija M, Nojkov O, Sivevski A. Cesarean section in isobaric spinal anesthesia with and without direct preoperative hydration with crystalloids - a comparative clinical study. Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2007;34(2):3-8.

Defossez 2007 {published data only}

1. Defossez T, Lauwers M, Camu F. A comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine boluses versus continuous infusion of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007;58(1):66.

Desalu 2005 {published data only}

1. Desalu I, Kushimo OT. Is ephedrine infusion more effective at preventing hypotension than traditional prehydration during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in African parturients? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14:294-9. - PubMed

Doherty 2011 {published data only}

1. Doherty A, Ohashi Y, Downey K, Carvalho JC. Hemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia assessed with non-invasive bioreactance: a randomized controlled trial of bolus and infusion regimens of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S62.

Dua 2013 {published data only}

1. Dua M, Sharma R, Jain R. Comparative evaluation of phenylephrine and ephedrine for treatment of spinal-induced hypotension in caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):54.

Dyer 2009 {published data only}

1. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(4):753-65. - PubMed

El‐Hakeem 2011 {published data only}

1. El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;58(12):1083-9. - PubMed

Evron 2007 {published data only}

1. Evron S, Gorodinsky L, Sadan O, Golan A, Ezri. Hemodynamic effects of preventive administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S113, Abstract no: 370.

Fabrizi 1998 {published data only}

1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during caesarean (sic) section under spinal anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5 Pt 2):A62.
1. Fabrizi A, Crochetiere CT, Roy L, Villeneuve E, Lortie L. Prevention of side-effects during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1998;23(3):44.

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co-administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217-24. - PubMed

Forkner 2012 {published data only}

1. Forkner IF, Lazar O, Gershon RY, Lynde GC. Compression stockings: Does placement immediately prior to spinal administration reduce hypotension? In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2-5; Monterey, USA. 2012:S-45.

Foss 2014 {published data only}

1. Foss VT, Christensen R, Rokamp KZ, Nissen P, Secher NH, Nielsen HB. Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5(81):1-9. - PMC - PubMed

Frikha 2008 {published data only}

1. Frikha N, Ouerghi S, Mestiri T, Mebazaa MS, Ammar MSB. Volume preload in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1328.

Frolich 2001 {published data only}

1. Froelich MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hydration prior to spinal anesthesia (SA) for cesarean section (CS). Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A8.
1. Frolich MA. Role of the atrial natriuretic factor in obstetric spinal hypotension. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):371-6. - PubMed

Fuzier 2005 {published data only}

1. Fuzier R, Decramer I, Fuzier V, Desprats R, Samli K. Is the combination ephedrine-phenylephrine useful for the treatment of established hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section? [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):76.

Gallo 1996 {published data only}

1. Gallo F, Alberti A, Fongaro A, Negri MG, Carlot A, Altafina L, Valenti S. Spinal anesthesia for cesarian (sic) section: 1% versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine [Anestesia spinale nel taglio cesareo: confronto tra bupivacaina iperbarica all'1% ed allo 0,5%]. Minerva Anestesiologica 1996;62(1-2):9-15. - PubMed

Gambling 2015 {published data only}

1. Gambling DR, Bender M, Faron S, Glaser D, Farrell TR. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine to minimize fetal bradycardia after combined spinal-epidural labour analgesia: a randomized controlled study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;62(11):1201-8. - PubMed

Garrison 2005 {published data only}

1. Garrison R, Wiley J, Philip J, Sharma S. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section using noninvasive transthoracic electrical impedance cardiography [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):8.

George 2015 {published data only}

1. George RB, McKeen DM, Allen TK, Polin CM, Habib AS. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion versus bolus phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-64.

Goudie 1988 {published data only}

1. Goudie TA, Winter AW, Ferguson DJM. Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1988;32(7):541-4. - PubMed

Guasch 2010 {published data only}

1. Guasch E, Gilsanz F, Diez J, Alsina E. Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2010;57(5):267-74. - PubMed

Guillon 2010 {published data only}

1. Guillon A, Leyre S, Remerand F, Taihlan B, Perrotin F, Fusciardi J, et al. Modification of Tp-e and QTc intervals during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2010;65(4):337-42. - PubMed

Gulec 2012 {published data only}

1. Gulec H, Degerli S, Ozayar E, Bercin F, Sahin S. The effects of 7 mg levobupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics with side effects in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2012;16(2):127-30.

Gulhas 2013 {published data only}

1. Gulhas N, Tekdemir D, Durmus M, Yucel A, Erdil FA, Yologlu S, et al. The effects of ephedrine on maternal hypothermia in caesarean sections: a double blind randomized clinical trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013;17(15):2051-8. - PubMed

Gunda 2010 {published data only}

1. Gunda CP, Malinowski J, Tegginmath A, Suryanarayana VG, Chandra SBC. Vasopressor choice for hypotension in elective Cesarean section: ephedrine or phenylephrine? Archives of Medical Science 2010;6(2):257-63. - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2012 {published data only}

1. Gupta S, Naithani U, Sinha N, Doshi V, Surendran K, Bedi V. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch versus normal saline for epidural volume extension in combined spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2012;2(1):16-22.

Gutsche 1976 {published data only}

1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45(4):462-5. - PubMed

Hahn 1998 {published data only}

1. Hahn RG, Resby M. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution and dextran 3% during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(5):443-51. - PubMed

Hamzei 2015 {published data only}

1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan ADM, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40:302-8. - PMC - PubMed

Hanss 2006 {published data only}

1. Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, Scherkl W, Bauer M, Doerges V, et al. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):635-43. - PubMed

Haruta 1987 {published data only}

1. Haruta M, Funato T, Saeki N, Naka Y, Shinkai T. Ephedrine administration for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica 1987;39(2):207-14. - PubMed

Hennebry 2009 {published data only}

1. Hennebry MC, Stocks GM, Belavadi P, Barnes J, Wray S, Columb MO, et al. Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(6):806-11. - PubMed

Higgins 2015 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, McCarthy RJ, Wong CW. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine for the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:O2-03.
1. NCT00458003. Phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia in preeclamptic patients [Phenylephrine versus ephedrine to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in preeclamptic patients during cesarean delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00458003 (first received 4 April 2007).

Housni 2004 {published data only}

1. Housni B, Miguil M. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two rates of injection [Hypotension arterielle au cours de rachianesthesie pour cesarienne: comparaison de deux vitesses d'injection]. Cahiers D'Anesthesiologie 2004;52(5):345-8.

Husaini 1998 {published data only}

1. Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:76-81. - PubMed

Iwama 2002 {published data only}

1. Iwama H, Ohmizo H, Furuta S, Ohmori S, Watanabe K, Kaneko T. Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002;267(2):85-9. - PubMed

Jackson 1995 {published data only}

1. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):262-5. - PubMed
1. Reid JA, Jackson R, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:63. - PubMed

Jain 2008 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Bharadwaj N. Fetal and maternal outcome after control of maternal blood pressure during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: comparison of three vasopressors. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008;33(5 Suppl 1):130.

James 1996 {published data only}

1. James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;77(2):150-2. - PubMed

Javed 2014 {published data only}

1. Javed K, Ishrat Z, Akhtar N, Ijaz B. Comparative study of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric versus 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose to assess the quality of spinal anaesthesia and haemodynamic changes occurring during cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(2):407-10.

John 2013 {published data only}

1. John JR. A prospective study comparing preemptive intramuscular ephedrine versus intravenous ephedrine to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical care 2013;3(2):119.

Kamrul 2012 {published data only}

1. Kamrul Hasan ABM, Kulkarni AH, Durairajan S, Lim KH, Latif Z, Kaul HL. Prevention of oxytocin induced hypotension in caesarean delivery by co-administration of phenylephrine. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21:S19.

Kang 1982 {published data only}

1. Kang YG, Abouleish E, Caritis S. Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1982;61:839-42. - PubMed

Kang 1996 {published data only}

1. Kang YS, Kim YM, Jeon TW, Cho KH. The effect of crystalloid administration on blood pressure and heart rate change during epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1996;31(6):706-12.

Kangas‐Saarela 1990 {published data only}

1. Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Tolonen U, Eskelinen P, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, et al. Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34(1):8-16. - PubMed

Kansal 2005 {published data only}

1. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):28-34. - PubMed

Kaya 2007 {published data only}

1. Kaya S, Karaman H, Erdogan H, Akyilmaz A, Turhanoglu S. Combined use of low-dose bupivacaine, colloid preload and wrapping of the legs for preventing hypotension in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research 2007;35(5):615-25. - PubMed

Keera 2016 {published data only}

1. Keera AAI, Elnabtity AMA. Two syringe spinal anesthesia technique for cesarean section: a controlled randomized study of a simple way to achieve more satisfactory block and less hypotension. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):312-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kinsella 2012 {published data only}

1. Kinsella SM, Harvey NL. A comparison of the pelvic angle applied using lateral table tilt or a pelvic wedge at elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1327-31. - PubMed

Ko 2007 {published data only}

1. Ko JS, Kim CS, Cho HS, Choi DH. A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(1):8-12. - PubMed

Kumar 2013 {published data only}

1. Kumar R. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine with intravenous mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in caesarean section and effects on neonate. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(1):57.

Kutlesic 2012 {published data only}

1. Kutlesic M, Kutlesic R. The impact of the type of anaesthesia on neonatal acid-base status. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2012;37(5 Suppl 1):E277.

Lal 2015 {published data only}

1. Lal SK. Comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2015;6(1):34-9.

Langesaeter 2008 {published data only}

1. Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):856-63. - PubMed
1. NCT00199784. Hemodynamic measurements during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00199784 (first received 13 September 2005).

LaPorta 1995 {published data only}

1. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S. Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1995;39(7):901-5. - PubMed

Law 2003 {published data only}

1. Law AC, Lam KK, Irwin MG. The effect of right versus left lateral decubitus positions on induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;97(6):1795-9. - PubMed

Lee 2005 {published data only}

1. Lee SJ, Ok SY, Lee JS, Kim SI. The effect of fluid preloading and ephedrine administration for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;49(2):199-205.

Lee 2008 {published data only}

1. Lee SY, Choi DH, Park HW. The effect of colloid co-hydration on the use of phenylephrine and hemodynamics during low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2008;55:685-90.

Lee 2012 {published data only}

1. Lee SW, Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Leung TY, Critchley LA. Haemodynamic effects from aortocaval compression at different angles of lateral tilt in non-labouring term pregnant women. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(6):950-6. - PubMed

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee MH, Kim EM, Bae JH, Park SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, et al. Head elevation in spinal-epidural anesthesia provides improved hemodynamics and appropriate sensory block height at caesarean section. Yonsei Medical Journal 2015;56(4):1122-7. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee HM, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Suh DG, Koh WU, Jang DM, et al. The effects of prophylactic bolus phenylephrine on hypotension during low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;25:17-22. - PubMed

Lewis 2004 {published data only}

1. Lewis NL, Downer JP, Ritchie EL, Nel MR. Left lateral versus supine wedged position for onset of spinal block, following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:2.
1. Lewis NL, Ritchie EL, Downer JP, Nel MR. Left lateral vs. supine, wedged position for development of block after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2004;59(9):894-8. - PubMed

Liu 2010 {published data only}

1. Liu F. The effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics. Guizhou Medical Journal 2010;34(9):791-3.

Luo 2016 {published data only}

1. Luo XJ, Zheng M, Tian G, Zhong HY, Zou XJ, Jian DL. Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2016;20(3):561-7. - PubMed

Madi‐Jebara 2007 {published data only}

1. Madi-Jebara S, Ghosn A, Karim N, Yazigi A, Yazbeck P. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: effects of lactated ringer's cohydration. Anesthesiology 2007;107:Abstract no: A676.

Mahajan 2009 {published data only}

1. Mahajan L, Anand LK, Gombar KK. A randomized double-blinded comparison of ephedrine, phenylephrine and mephentermine infusions to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and haemodynamic control. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2009;25(4):427-32.

Matorras 1998 {published data only}

1. Matorras R, Tacuri C, Anibal N, Gutierrez de Teran G, Cortes J. Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1998;26(4):284-92. - PubMed

Matsota 2013 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 vs lactated Ringer's preload on the haemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166. - PubMed

Matsota 2015 {published data only}

1. Matsota P, Karakosta A, Pandazi A, Niokou D, Christodoulaki K, Kostopanagiotou G. The effect of 0.5 L 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus 1 L Ringer's lactate preload on the hemodynamic status of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery using arterial pulse contour analysis. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(3):352-9. - PubMed

McDonald 2011 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid cohydration following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S8.
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011;113(4):803-10. - PubMed
1. McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes following crystalloid or colloid cohydration with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):50.

McLeod 2010 {published data only}

1. McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ. Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(2):155-60. - PubMed

Mebazaa 2010 {published data only}

1. Mebazaa MS, Ouerghi S, Ben Meftah R, Ben Cheikh M, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS. Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;20(5):673-8. - PubMed

Mendonca 2003 {published data only}

1. Mendona C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis R. Hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: supine tilt v full lateral position. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:19.
1. Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE. Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section; left lateral position vs. supine position. Anaesthesia 2003;58(5):428-31. - PubMed

Mercier 2001 {published data only}

1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anethesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1057. - PubMed
1. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Rodger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):668-74. - PubMed

Miller 2000 {published data only}

1. Levin A, Datta S, Segal S. The effect of posture on hypotension after spinal anesthesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;88(4 Suppl):A10.
1. Miller A, Levin A, Datta S, Tsen L, Segal S. Effect of posture prior to spinal anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal angiotensin II, aldosterone, and blood pressure. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A3.

Mitra 2014 {published data only}

1. Mitra T, Das A, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal RD, Hajra BK. Prevention of altered hemodynamics after spinal anesthesia: a comparison of volume preloading with tetrastarch, succinylated gelatin and ringer lactate solution for the patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;8(4):456-62. - PMC - PubMed

Mohta 2008 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Agarwal D, Gupta LK, Tyagi A, Gupta A, Sethi AK. Comparison of potency of ephedrine and mephentermine for prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(3):360-4. - PubMed

Mohta 2015 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Harisinghani P, Sethi AK, Agarwal D. Effect of different phenylephrine bolus doses for treatment of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2015;43(1):74-80. - PubMed

Mohta 2016 {published data only}

1. Mohta M, Aggarwal M, Sethi AK, Harisinghani P, Guleria K. Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;27:32-40. - PubMed

Moore 2000 {published data only}

1. Moore B, McKeating MK. Slow administration of intrathecal anaesthetic for caesarean section reduces maternal hypotension [abstract]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2000;28(2):215.

Moore 2014 {published data only}

1. Moore A, Bourrassa-Blanchette S, El Mouallem E, Kaufman I, El-Bahrawy A, Li-Pi-Shan W, et al. The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;61(10):916-21. - PubMed

Moran 1991 {published data only}

1. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S. Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3(4):301-5. - PubMed

Mowbray 2002 {published data only}

1. Mowbray P, Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Ryall DM, Desira WR, Kokri MS. Phenylephrine, ephedrine and fetal acidosis at caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11 Suppl:1.

Narejo 2012 {published data only}

1. Narejo AS, Memon GN, Wagan F, Wagan MA, Khawaja RA. A study to assess the quality of spinal anesthesia and to observe hemodynamic changes occuring during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, comparing 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine in same volume and dose. Medical Channel 2012;18(1):58-62.

Nasir 2005 {published data only}

1. Nasir KK, Shahid E, Shahani AS. Use of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in elective cesarean section: a comparison. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences 2005;1(1):40-4.

Negron 2010 {published data only}

1. Negron M, Cohen S, Rianto A, Sylviana B, Patel P. Does the addition of phenylephrine to prophylactic IV ephedrine further reduce the incidence of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for C/S. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16; San Antonio, USA. 2010.

Ngan 2016 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF, Lee SW. Performance of a closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion system for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized controlled comparison of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Wong MM, Ng FF. Metaraminol infusion for maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effect of a crystalloid bolus. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(3):703-8. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):307-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2001c {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee W, Khaw K, Lee B, Wong M, Ng F. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1054. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Ng FF, Wong MMS. Randomized controlled trial of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(5):772-4. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2004b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;92(4):469-74. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2005 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008a {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2008;107(4):1295-302. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2008b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL. Randomised double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008;63(12):1319-26. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2009 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(3):506-12. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2011 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tam YH, Ng FF. Comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled and manual-controlled phenylephrine infusions during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S17.

Ngan Kee 2013b {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Tam YH. Randomized comparison of closed-loop feedback computer-controlled with manual-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;110(1):59-65. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2015 {published data only}

1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;122(4):736-45. - PubMed
1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Tan PE, Khaw KS. Randomized evaluative study of phenylephrine or norepinephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: the RESPOND study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S10.

Nishikawa 2004 {published data only}

1. Nishikawa K, Yakoyama N, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1201. - PubMed

Norris 1987 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Goodman DA, Gorman RM. Influence of the choice of crystalloid solution on neonatal acid-base status at cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1987;67(3A):A458.

Norris 1989 {published data only}

1. Norris MC, Leighton BL, Desimone CA, Palmer CM. Does the choice of crystalloid affect maternal and neonatal glucose homeostasis at caesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 1989;68:S212.

Nutangi 2013 {published data only}

1. Nutangi V, Thatte WS, Velankar PM. Comparison of intravenous phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for management of post spinal hypotension in cases of cesarean section and effects of these drugs on neonates. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):115.

Nze 2003 {published data only}

1. Nze PUN. Effect of pre-medication with atropine on the blood pressure of parturient undergoing caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Orient Journal of Medicine 2003;15(1&2):1-4.

Ocio 2013 {published data only}

1. Ocio LP, Arevalo EG, Alsina E, Brogly N, Dominguez A, Gilsanz F. Can we get maternal hypotension "0" with low dose using a combined spinal epidural technique? A randomized controlled trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24-28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: F29.

Okutan 2006 {published data only}

1. Okutan M, Kocamanoglu IS, Sener B, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B, Tur A. Prevention of hypotension related to spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2006;34(1):27-34.

Osseyran 2011 {published data only}

1. Osseyran Samper F, Errando CL, Plaza Lloret M, Diaz Cambronero O, Garcia Gregorio N, Andres Ibanez J. Prophylaxis for hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial comparing hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 to ephedrine [Prevencion de la hipotensión arterial en cesareas con antesia subaracnoidea. Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado comparativo entre hidroxietilalmidon 130/0,4 y efedrina]. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(1):17-24. - PubMed

Park 1996 {published data only}

1. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(2):299-303. - PubMed

Peng 2013 {published data only}

1. Peng X, Liu H, Xi L, Wang H, Li R, Shuai B. Effects of colloid preload on placenta stereology and cord blood S100beta protein during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Southern Medical University 2013;33(2):161-5. - PubMed

Pickford 2000 {published data only}

1. Pickford A, Tucker V, Barnes N, Pilkington S, Eldridge J. The effect of position on haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A10.

Prakash 2010 {published data only}

1. Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2010;19(1):24-30. - PubMed

Quan 2013 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Cao Y, Li X, Peng K. Influence of phenylephrine or ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics upon umbilical cord clamping during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;51(11):888-94. - PubMed

Quan 2014 {published data only}

1. Quan ZF, He HL, Tian M, Chi P, Li X. Influence of lateral decubitus positioning after combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine on hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(12):5669-74. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2015 {published data only}

1. Quan Z, Tian M, Chi P, Li X, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine significantly improves hemodynamic characteristics in spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Plos One 2015;10(5):e0125014. - PMC - PubMed

Quan 2016 {published data only}

1. Quan Z-F, Li X, Tian M, Chi P, He H, Luo C. Combined use of hyperbaric and hypobaric ropivacaine for caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(4):7438-44.

Quiney 1995 {published data only}

1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):66-7.

Rashad 2013 {published data only}

1. Rashad MM, Farmawy MS. Effects of intravenous ondansetron and granisetron on hemodynamic changes and motor and sensory blockade induced by spinal anesthesia in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29:369-74.

Reed 2006 {published data only}

1. Reed L, Garrison R, Sharma S. A combination of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion maintains systematic vascular resistance and prevents post-spinal hypotension in cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):40.

Rehman 2011 {published data only}

1. Rehman A, Baig H, Rajput MZ, Zeb H. Comparison of prophylactic ephedrine vs prn ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarian sections. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(1):21-4.

Rewari 2015 {published data only}

1. Rewari V, Singhal D, Ramachandran R, Trikha A, Chandralekha, Singh N. Crystalloid versus colloid coload with phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery: the effects on maternal haemodynamics and foetal acid-base status. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3 Suppl 1):S197.

Ronenson 2014 {published data only}

1. Ronenson AM, Sitkin SI, Savel'eva IuV. Effecting of intra-abdominal pressure in parturient on level of spina block and frequency of hypotension during cesarean section. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia 2014;59(4):26-9. - PubMed

Rout 1993b {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79(2):262-9. - PubMed

Rout 2000 {published data only}

1. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Stienstra R. Hypotension and postural haemodynamic changes following caesarean section. Effects of glycopyrrolate 0.4mg iv with spinal anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A71.

Rucklidge 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Rucklidge M, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium for prevention of hypotension following CSE for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:225.
1. Rucklidge MWN, Durbridge J, Barnes PK, Yentis SM. Glycopyrronium and hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section in women with relative bradycardia. Anaesthesia 2002;57(1):4-8. - PubMed

Rucklidge 2005 {published data only}

1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Lain J, Evans S, Yentis SM. A comparison of lateral, sitting and Oxford positions for CSE anaesthesia for elective caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:194.
1. Rucklidge MWM, Paech MJ, Yentis SM. A comparison of the lateral, Oxford and sitting positions for performing combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60(6):535-40. - PubMed

Rumboll 2015 {published data only}

1. Rumboll CK, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ. The use of phenylephrine to obtund oxytocin-induced hypotension and tachycardia during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(4):297-302. - PubMed

Russell 2002 {published data only}

1. Russell R, Popat M, Richards E, Burry J. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised comparison of Oxford, lateral and sitting positions. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:190-5. - PubMed

Sahin 2015 {published data only}

1. Sahin L, Cesur M, Sahin M, Kilic E, Sen E. Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e132. - PubMed

Sakr 2014 {published data only}

1. Sakr A, Cohen S, Ramos D, Rah K, Syed S, Syed S, et al. Is 6% hetastarch preferred over prophylactic IV ephedrine for prevention of hypotension from intrathecal ropivacaine for cesarean section? Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(Suppl 1):S-186.

Sanwal 2008 {published data only}

1. Sanwal MK, Jain A, Vazifdar H. Optimum dose of bupivacaine with midazolam in spinal anesthesia to prevent hypotension in c-section. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A617.

Saravanan 2006 {published data only}

1. Saranavan S, Columb M, Wilson RC, Watkins EJ, Lyons GR. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4.
1. Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;96(1):95-9. - PubMed

Schofield 2011 {published data only}

1. Schofield L. Is a relatively high pre-spinal heart rate associated with reduced efficacy of prophylactic vassopressor during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E242. - PubMed

Seltenrich 2001 {published data only}

1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1A):A5.
1. Seltenrich M, Kamani A, Gunka V, Douglas J. The effect of injection rate on hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95:A1042.

Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}

1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.

Sherif 2013 {published data only}

1. Sherif N, Mokhtar A. Phenylephrine versus ephedrine usage in management of hypotension induced spinal anaesthesia in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no:835.

Shifman 2007 {published data only}

1. Shifman E, Got I. A comparison of different solutions for volume preloading: prevention of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(Suppl 1):S26.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2013 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid S, Aouad M. Crystalloid coload combined with variable rate phenylephrine infusion for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery vs crystalloid coload alone. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:166-7.

Siddik‐Sayyid 2014 {published data only}

1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Taha SK, Kanazi GE, Aouad MT. A randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2014;118(3):611-8. - PubMed

Siddiqui 2016 {published data only}

1. Siddiqui KM, Ali MA, Ullah H. Comparison of spinal anesthesia dosage based on height and weight versus height alone in patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):143-8. - PMC - PubMed

Simon 1999 {published data only}

1. Simon L, Boulay G, Ziane AF, Hamza J. Effect of injection rate in hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:161. - PubMed

Sivevski 2006 {published data only}

1. Sivevski A. Spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section with reduced dose of intrathecal bupivacaine plus fentanyl. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2006;27(2):225-36. - PubMed

Sng 2013 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia A. Closed-loop double-pump automated system versus manual boluses to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. In: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-8; Melbourne, Australia. 2013.

Sng 2014 {published data only}

1. Sng BL, Tan HS, Sia AT. Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system vs manual bolus vasopressor to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2014;69(1):37-45. - PubMed

Sprague 1976 {published data only}

1. Sprague D. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesthesia and Anesthesiology 1976;44(2):164-6. - PubMed

Stewart 2010 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M, et al. Dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: implications for the compromised fetus? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S9.
1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(5):1230-7. - PubMed

Stewart 2011 {published data only}

1. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Colomb M. Can phenylephrine infusions cause reactive hypertension during elective caesarean section? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(Suppl 1):S7.

Stoneham 1999 {published data only}

1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. Oxford positioning technique improves haemodynamic stability and predictability of block height of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8(4):242-8. - PubMed
1. Stoneham M, Eldridge J, Popat M, Russell R. The wedged supine position predisposes to haemodynamic instability and unpredictable block height during onset of obstetric spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998;7:199-200.

Sumikura 2009 {published data only}

1. Sumikura H, Ohashi Y, Akai R, Irikoma S, Oshima M. Fetal acid base balance after preloading with lactated or bicarbonated ringers for cesarean section. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Szmuk 2008 {published data only}

1. Szmuk P, Khazin V, Gorodinski L, Ezri T, Evron S. Preventive phenylephrine vs. ephedrine during cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1334.

Tamilselvan 2009 {published data only}

1. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;109(6):1916-21. - PubMed

Tanaka 2007 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.

Tanaka 2008 {published data only}

1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JCA. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(2):125-30. - PubMed

Tang 2015 {published data only}

1. Tang WX, Li JJ, Bu HM, Fu ZJ. Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in marginally hyperbaric solutions for caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2015;32(7):493-8. - PubMed

Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}

1. Tekyeh SMM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.

Teoh 2009 {published data only}

1. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009;108(5):1592-8. - PubMed
1. Teoh WHL, Sia ATH, Loh MH. To preload or coload? USCOM evaluation of the timing of colloid expansion on preventing spinal hypotension at cesarean delivery [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 2006;31(5 Suppl 1):52.

Thomas 2001 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Mowbray P. Comparison of thresholds for giving phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):658P.

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

1. Thomas DG, Gardner S. Comparison of the time to peak pressor effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2004;13(3):S4. - PubMed

Thomas 2006 {published data only}

1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.

Tolia 2008 {published data only}

1. Tolia G, Kumar A, Jain A, Pandey M. Low dose intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 2008;24(2):201-4.

Turker 2011 {published data only}

1. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Basagan E, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. Journal of International Medical Research 2011;39(1):143-9. - PubMed

Vallejo 2015 {published data only}

1. Vallejo MC, Elzamzamy OM, Attaallah AF, Parsons JR, Shapiro R, Ranganathan. Comparison of continuous intravenous phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine infusions in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery: assessment of hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:GM-06.

Van Bogaert 1998 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Prevention of post-spinal hypotension at elective cesarean section by wrapping of the lower limbs. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998;61(3):233-8. - PubMed

Vercauteren 1996 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann V, Coppejans HC, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;76(5):731-3. - PubMed

Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}

1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;90(2):324-7. - PubMed

Vincent 1998 {published data only}

1. Vincent RD Jr, Werhan CF, Norman PF, Shih GH, Chestnut DH, Ray T, et al. Prophylactic angiotensin II infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1998;88(6):1475-9. - PubMed

Vuffray 2005a {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2005;30(5 Suppl 1):73.

Vuffray 2005b {published data only}

1. Vuffray A, Crochetiere C, Bureau N , Villeneuve E, Lacroix J. Ephedrine and phenylephrine in spinal induced hypotension: myth and reality [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):51.

Wang 2011 {published data only}

1. Wang M, Han CB, Qian YN. Comparison of effects in puerpera and fetus with ephedrine and phenylephrine during a cesarean delivery. Chinese Medical Journal 2011;91(31):2195-8. - PubMed
1. Wang M, Qian Y. Effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on fetal heart rate during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S-289.

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang X, Xu JM, Zhou F, He L, Cui YL, Li ZJ. Maternal position and development of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine. Medical Science Monitor 2015;21:52-8. - PMC - PubMed

Williamson 2009 {published data only}

1. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA Journal 2009;77(2):130-6. - PubMed

Wojciechowski 2008 {published data only}

1. Wojciechowski KG, McCarthy RJ, Toledo P, Sullivan JT. The effect of fluid co-administration strategies on maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1115.

Wollman 1968 {published data only}

1. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology 1968;29(2):374-80. [CN-00235365] - PubMed

Xiao 2015a {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan QF, Fu WY, Chi XZ, Wang FY, Ma DQ, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability of parturient with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the well-being of newborns. Chinese Medical Journal 2015;128(14):1922-31. - PMC - PubMed

Xiao 2015b {published data only}

1. Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(10):1547-55. - PubMed

Xu 2012 {published data only}

1. Xu S, Wu H, Zhao Q, Shen X, Guo X, Wang F. The median effective volume of crystalloid in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(3):312-24. - PubMed

Xu 2014 {published data only}

1. Xu T, Li Y, Zhou J, Shuai B, Li Y, Mai W, et al. Stereological study of the placenta in patients receiving different vasopressors for hypotension during cesarean section. Journal of Southern Medical University 2014;34(8):1154-7. - PubMed

Yadav 2012 {published data only}

1. Yadav U, Bharat K. A clinical comparative study of prophylactic infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamics and fetal acidosis in elective caesarean section. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012;3(12):5056-61.

Yentis 2000 {published data only}

1. Yentis SM, Jenkins CS, Lucas DN, Barnes PK. The effect of prophylactic glycopyrrolate on maternal haemodynamics following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):156-9. - PubMed

Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}

1. Yokoyama N, Nishikawa K, Saito Y, Saito S, Goto F. Comparison of the effects of colloid and crystalloid solution for volume preloading on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;53(9):1019-24. - PubMed

Yoon 2012 {published data only}

1. Yoon HJ, Cho HJ, Lee IH, Jee YS, Kim SM. Comparison of hemodynamic changes between phenylephrine and combined phenylephrine and glycopyrrolate groups after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;62(1):35-9. - PMC - PubMed

Young 1996 {published data only}

1. Young S, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section reduced to 3.3% [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1996;5:210-1.

Yun 1998 {published data only}

1. Yun E, Marx GF, Santos AC. The effects of maternal position during induction of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(3):614-8. - PubMed

Yurtlu 2012 {published data only}

1. Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Okyay RD, Bostankolu SE, Erdogan G, Hakimoglu S, et al. Effects on hypotension incidence: hyperbaric, isobaric, and combinations of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section [Hipotansiyon insidansi uzerine etkiler: sezaryen icin spinal anestezide hiperbarik, isobarik bupivakain ve kombinasyonlari]. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;42(2):307-13.

Zakowski 1992 {published data only}

1. Zakowski M, Otto T, Baratta J, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Phenylephrine for hypotension in high risk parturients during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A973.

Zasa 2015 {published data only}

1. Zasa M, Conci E, Marchignoli A, Pini R, Passeri L, Fanelli G, et al. Comparison of two different approaches to hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 2015;86(1):45-52. - PubMed

Zhou 2008 {published data only}

1. Zhou ZQ, Shao Q, Zeng Q, Song J, Yang JJ. Lumbar wedge versus pelvic wedge in preventing hypotension following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008;36(6):835-9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abedinzadeh 2010 {published data only}

1. Abedinzadeh MR, Noorian C, Kheire S, Nejat Z. Pharmaceutical effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine on hemodynamic alterations of women during spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;13(4):27-34.
1. IRCT138902213912N1. Comparison of the effects of ephedrine, atropine and mucosal phenylephrine perfusion in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. en.search.irct.ir/view/3081 (first received 15 June 2010).

Alday 2011 {published data only}

1. Alday Munoz E, Palacio Abizanda F, De Diego Pdel R, Gilsanz Rodriguez F. Ephedrine vs. phenylephrine by intravenous bolus and continuous infusion to prevent hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized comparative trial. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 2011;58(7):412-6. - PubMed

Amiri 2013 {published data only}

1. Amiri HA, Banihashem N, Naziri F, Rabiee M, Ghasemi A, Shirkhani Z, et al. The effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2013;23(107):123-31.

Ashpole 2006 {published data only}

1. Ashpole K, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S6.
1. Ashpole KJ, Fernando R, Tamilselvan P, Columb M. Fetal pH after phenylephrine infusion titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):38.

Bennasr 2014 {published data only}

1. Bennasr L, Ben Marzouk S, Ajili Z, Riahi A, Jarraya MA, Massoudi S, et al. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: coloading with HAE 130/0.4 vs normal saline solution. Annales Francaises D'anesthesie et de Reanimation 2014;33(12):643-7. - PubMed

Boswell 2008 {published data only}

1. Boswell O, Eldridge J, Taylor I, Tucker V. A prospective, double-blinded randomised controlled trial of ephedrine infusions and ephedrine boluses during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2008;17(Suppl 1):S53.
1. ISRCTN26979860. Prophylactic ephedrine and hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26979860 (first received 12 September 2003).

Bright 2003 {published data only}

1. Bright E, Brownlow H, Gande R, Underhill H, Wise H, Swayne P. Prophylactic oral ephedrine: effect on hypotension after subarachnoid block for caesarean section - a double-blind, controlled, randomised trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2003;12:196.

Golmohammadi 2013 {published data only}

1. Golmohammadi M, Mansuri P, Jafari M, Khalkhali HR, Aghdashi M. Comparison of the effects of colloid loading before and after spinal anesthesia to prevent maternal hypotension in cesarean section. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2013;21(89):1-9.

Gonzalez 2014 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez I, Marti A, Moret E, Manrique S, Suescun M, Trillo L. An intermittent pneumatic compression system in lower extremities reduces vasoconstrictor requirements during elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a preliminary study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S29.

Higgins 2009 {published data only}

1. Higgins N, Grewal GK, Toledo P, Sullivan JT, McCarthy RJ. Hemodynamic changes with spinal anesthesia during co-load with colloid vs crystalloid solutions. In: American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17-21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.

Hwang 1994 {published data only}

1. Hwang HS, Lee KC, Song YK, Yoon JS, Kim TY. Effects of the speed of crystalloid preload in preventing of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1994;27(11):1660-5.

Jain 2013 {published data only}

1. Jain K, Makkar JK, Subramani S, Gainder S. A randomised trial comparing prophylactic phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery in cases of acute fetal compromise. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2013;3(2):119. - PubMed

Jung 2006 {published data only}

1. Jung SW, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee SG, Lee JH. Comparison of maternal and fetal affects of ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;51(3):335-42.

Kashiwagi 2012 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Kataoka K, Wakabayashi S, Kumagawa Y, Morimoto E, Maeda T, et al. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with cesarean section by aortocaval compression - left 15 degree table tilt vs. uterine displacement by hand. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2012;61(2):177-81. - PubMed

Kiss 2012 {published data only}

1. Kiss K, Zimanyi M, Agocs S, Bodonovits A, Orvos H, Molnar Z. Ringer's lactate (RL) and balanced Ringer's solution (BR) during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia: Effects on neonatal homeostasis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29:168.

Lang 1996 {published data only}

1. Lang J, Jayasinghe C, Woodson L, Ahmad M, Mathru M. Failure to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section despite crystalloid or colloid preload augmentation is probably mediated by atrial natriuretic peptide. Anesthesiology 1996;85(3A):A904.

Lee 2011 {published data only}

1. Kang H, Lee JW, Choi JY, Kim YJ. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5 Suppl 2):E164-5.
1. Lee J, Kang H, Baek SK, Choi J. Wrapping of the lower limbs for prevention of post spinal hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;6(2):173-7.

Osazuwa 2015 {published data only}

1. Osazuwa IH, Ebague A. Crystalloid preload shows transient superiority over colloid, or their combination in spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension prophylaxis for caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2015;24(2):137-43. - PubMed

Rahmoune 2009 {published data only}

1. Rahmoune FC, Saadelli A, Yahiaoui H, Bouzenacha A, Ouchtati M. A randomized controlled study evaluating colloid preload to prevent maternal hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In: Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2009 May 21-22; Jersey. 2009:P15.

Sahoo 2011 {published data only}

1. Sahoo AL, Shidhaye RV, Badhe VK, Divekar DS. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: comparison between prophylactic phenylephrine infusion and colloid co-hydration. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2011;1(2):104.

Sakuma 2010 {published data only}

1. Sakuma T, Sato M, Sato K, Yokoi M. Effects of intravenous vasopressor on spread of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery. Masui - Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2010;59(6):691-5. - PubMed

Soltani 2009 {published data only}

1. Soltani H, Jabalameli M, Hashemi SJ, Behdad S, Soleimani B. Combinatorial approaches to prevent spinal induced hypotension in CS. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S65.

Van Bogaert 2000 {published data only}

1. Van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71(1):65-6. - PubMed

Van Treese 1996 {published data only}

1. Van Treese PA, Dosch MP, Ernst AM. Effect of leg elevation and/or lower limb compression to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1996;64:456-7.

Yoon 2009 {published data only}

1. Jee SY, Yoon HJ, Oh JI, Kim SM, Lee IH. Comparison of maternal hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 41st Annual Meeting; 2009 April 29-May 1, Washington, USA. 2009.
1. Yoon HJ, Jee YS, Lee IH, Kim SM, Jang CH. Comparison of maternal and fetal effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and combination infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2009;4(2):161-5.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01891175 {published data only}

1. NCT01891175. Prevention of maternal hypotension during elective caesarean section performed with spinal anaesthesia, through intermittent pneumatic compression system in the lower extremities. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01891175 (first received 24 May 2013).

Additional references

Atlee 1999

1. Atlee JL. Complications in Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999.

Clark 2005

1. Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AVG. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2005;14(1):9-13. - PubMed

Cluver 2013

1. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007623.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Gao 2015

1. Gao L, Zheng G, Han J, Wang Y, Zheng J. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 2015;24(4):335-43. - PubMed

Glosten 2000

1. Glosten B. Anesthesia for obstetrics. In: Miller RD, editors(s). Anesthesia. 5th edition. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2024-68. [ISBN 0-443-07988-9]

Hawkins 1997

1. Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86(2):277-84. - PubMed

Hibbard 1996

1. Hibbard BM, Anderson MM, Drife JO, Tighe JR, Gordon G, Willatts S, et al. Deaths associated with anaesthesia. In: Rubery E, Bourdillon P, editors(s). Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1991-1993. Norwich: HMSO, 1996:87-102. [ISBN 0 11 321983 0]

Higgins 2011

1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

Hollmen 1978

1. Hollmen AI, Jouppila R, Koivisto M, Maatta L, Pihlajaniemi R, Puukka M, et al. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1978;48(5):350-6. - PubMed

Lapins 2001

1. Lapins E. Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2001;10:226. - PubMed

Lucas 1999

1. Lucas DN, Ciccone GK, Yentis SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. A comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999;54(12):1173-7. - PubMed

May 1995

1. Lyons G, May A. Epidural is an outmoded form of regional anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4(1):34-9. [Accession No:95028271] - PubMed

Mercier 2013

1. Mercier FJ, Auge M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2013;79(1):62-73. - PubMed

MIMS 1995

1. MIMS Annual. 19th edition. MIMS, 1995.

Morgan 1994

1. Morgan P. The role of vasopressors in the management of hypotension induced by spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1994;41(5):404-13. - PubMed

Ngan Kee 2006

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS. Vasopressors in obstetrics: what should we be using? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2006;19(3):238-43. - PubMed

Ousley 2012

1. Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM. Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1356-63. - PubMed

Perel 2013

1. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6] - DOI - PubMed

Rasmussen 1994

1. Rasmussen GE, Malinow AM. Toward reducing maternal mortality: the problem airway in obstetrics. In: Rocke DA, editors(s). International Anesthesia Clinics: Shaping Future Obstetric Anesthesia Practice. Vol. 32. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994:83-101. [ISSN 0020-5907] - PubMed

Reisner 1999

1. Reisner LS, Lin D. Anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999:465-92. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

RevMan 2014 [Computer program]

1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Rippoles 2015

1. Ripollés Melchor J, Espinosa Á, Martínez Hurtado E, Casans Francés R, Navarro Pérez R, Abad Gurumeta A, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiologica 2015;81(9):1019-30. - PubMed

Roberts 1995

1. Roberts SW, Leveno KJ, Sidawi JE. Fetal acidemia associated with regional anesthesia for caesarean section. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:79. - PubMed

Robson 1992

1. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68(1):54-9. - PubMed

Rocke 1995

1. Rocke DA, Rout CC. Volume preloading, spinal hypotension and caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75(3):257-9. [MEDLINE: ] [ISSN 0007-0912] - PubMed

Russell 1995

1. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:71. - PubMed

Sharma 1999

1. Sharma SK, Lechner RB. Hematologic and coagulation disorders. In: Chestnut DH, editors(s). Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc, 1999:852. [ISBN 0-3230-0383-4]

Sharwood‐Smith 1999

1. Sharwood-Smith G, Clark V, Watson E. Regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: spinal anaesthesia is the preferred choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999;8:85-9. - PubMed

Shibli 2000

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9(3):160-7. - PubMed

Wickham 1996

1. Wickham EA. Potential transmission of BSE via medicinal products [Editorial]. BMJ 1996;312(7037):988-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cyna 2006

1. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Cyna 2017

1. Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Meta-Analysis
Actions
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Actions
Systematic Review
Actions

MeSH terms

Anesthesia, Obstetrical / adverse effects*
Actions
Anesthesia, Spinal / adverse effects*
Actions
Antiemetics / therapeutic use
Actions
Cesarean Section*
Actions
Colloids / therapeutic use
Actions
Crystalloid Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ephedrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Female
Actions
Humans
Actions
Hypotension / chemically induced
Actions
Hypotension / prevention & control*
Actions
Intraoperative Complications / prevention & control*
Actions
Isotonic Solutions / therapeutic use
Actions
Ondansetron / therapeutic use
Actions
Phenylephrine / therapeutic use
Actions
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / drug therapy
Actions
Pregnancy
Actions
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Actions
Vasoconstrictor Agents / therapeutic use
Actions
Walking
Actions

Substances

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00694343
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01509521
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561274
Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Full text links [x]

[x]

Cite

Copy Download .nbib .nbib

Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

Send To

[x]

NCBI Literature Resources

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI

National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894

43.1. Analysis

Comparison 43: Walking vs lying, Outcome 1: Women requiring intervention for hypotension

44.1. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

44.2. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

44.3. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 3: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit

44.4. Analysis

Comparison 44: Lateral vs supine wedged position, Outcome 4: Women with nausea

45.1. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

45.2. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 2: Women with cardiac dysrhythmia requiring intervention

45.3. Analysis

Comparison 45: Left lateral vs left lateral tilt, Outcome 3: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

46.1. Analysis

Comparison 46: Left lateral tilt vs left manual uterine displacement, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

47.1. Analysis

Comparison 47: Leg elevation vs control, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.1. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

48.2. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

48.3. Analysis

Comparison 48: Acupressure vs placebo, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.1. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 1: Women with hypotension requiring intervention

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.2. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 2: Women with nausea and/or vomiting

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide,…

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

49.3. Analysis

Comparison 49: Acupressure vs metoclopramide, Outcome 3: Neonates with Apgar

All figures (186)

Update of

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

Similar articles

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Chooi C, Cox JJ, Lumb RS, Middleton P, Chemali M, Emmett RS, Simmons SW, Cyna AM. Chooi C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;8(8):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. PMID: 28976555 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Cyna AM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. PMID: 17054153 Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. PMID: 11687021 Updated. Review.
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Emmett RS, Cyna AM, Andrew M, Simmons SW. Emmett RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. PMID: 12137652 Updated. Review.
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Simmons SW, Dennis AT, Cyna AM, Richardson MG, Bright MR. Simmons SW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 10;10(10):CD008100. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31600820 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

Rate of decline of fetal base excess after neuraxial anesthesia for scheduled cesarean delivery.
Ghidini A, Vanasche K, Locatelli A. Ghidini A, et al. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023 Feb 4;3(4):100170. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100170. eCollection 2023 Nov. AJOG Glob Rep. 2023. PMID: 37771975 Free PMC article.
Comparison of crystalloid and colloid co-load combined with norepinephrine prophylaxis on post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study.
Chen Y, Xu X, Qin R, Guo L, Ni X. Chen Y, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1214598. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214598. eCollection 2023. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37724174 Free PMC article.
Effect of height versus height/weight-based spinal bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics for elective cesarean in short stature patients: a randomized clinical trial.
Subedi A, Thapa P, Prajapati R, Schyns-van den Berg AMJV. Subedi A, et al. J Anesth. 2023 Dec;37(6):905-913. doi: 10.1007/s00540-023-03252-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14. J Anesth. 2023. PMID: 37709952
Effect of preoperative oral rehydration before cesarean section on ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and intraoperative hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial.
Ijiri E, Mori C, Sasakawa T. Ijiri E, et al. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02250-6. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023. PMID: 37648966 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Reply to Akça, B.; Bilotta, F. Time and Type of Administered Fluids during Cesarean Section Might Not Matter for Hemodynamic Outcomes, but There Are Significant Patient Safety Concerns Regarding Colloid Use in Parturients. Comment on "Theodoraki et al. Colloid Preload versus Crystalloid Co-Load in the Setting of Norepinephrine Infusion during Cesarean Section: Time and Type of Administered Fluids Do Not Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1333".
Theodoraki K, Hadzilia S, Valsamidis D, Kalopita K, Stamatakis E. Theodoraki K, et al. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):4754. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144754. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37510868 Free PMC article.