Pain frequency moderates the relationship between pain catastrophizing and pain

Heidi Kjøgx, Robert Zachariae, Mogens Pfeiffer-Jensen, Helge Kasch, Peter Svensson, Troels S Jensen, Lene Vase, Heidi Kjøgx, Robert Zachariae, Mogens Pfeiffer-Jensen, Helge Kasch, Peter Svensson, Troels S Jensen, Lene Vase

Abstract

Background: Pain frequency has been shown to influence sensitization, psychological distress, and pain modulation. The present study examined if pain frequency moderates the relationship between pain catastrophizing and pain.

Method: A non-clinical (247 students) and a clinical (223 pain patients) sample completed the Danish versions of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Beck Depression Inventory, and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory and rated pain intensity, unpleasantness and frequency.

Results: In both samples, high pain frequency was found to moderate the association between pain catastrophizing and pain intensity, whereas low pain frequency did not. The psychometric properties and the factor structure of the Danish version of the PCS were confirmed.

Conclusions: This is the first study to validate the Danish version of the PCS and to show that pain frequency moderates the relationship between pain catastrophizing and reported pain in both non-clinical and clinical populations.

Keywords: anxiety; danish validation; depression; frequency; pain catastrophizing scale.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Non-clinical sample. Associations between the DV (Pain intensity) and the IV (PCS total - centered) for high (+1 SD) levels, moderate level (mean) and low levels (−1 SD) of the moderator (Pain frequency - centered) omitting the covariates. The simple regression slope for high (+1 SD) was positive and statistically significant (0.03; p = 0.02). The simple slopes for moderate levels (mean) (0.01; p = 0.468), and low levels (−0.01; p = 0.454) were non-significant. PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; Numbers in parentheses, Uncentered values of the moderator.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Clinical sample. Associations between the DV (Pain intensity) and the IV (PCS total) for high (+1 SD) levels, moderate level (mean) and low levels (−1 SD) of the moderator (Pain frequency) omitting the covariates. The simple regression slopes for high (0.06; p = 0.003) and moderate levels (0.03; p = 0.019), were positive and statistically significant. The simple slope for low levels (0.00; p = 0.786) was not statistically significant. PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; Numbers in parentheses, Un-centered values.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Non-clinical sample. Associations between the DV (Pain unpleasantness) and the IV (PCS total) for high (+1 SD) levels, moderate level (mean) and low levels (−1 SD) of the moderator (Pain frequency) omitting the covariates. The simple regression slopes for high (0.01; p = 0.324), moderate levels (0.01; p = 0.369), and low levels (0.01; p = 0.612) were all statistically non-significant. PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; Numbers in parentheses, Un-centered values.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Clinical sample. Associations between the DV (Pain unpleasantness) and the IV (PCS total) for high (+1 SD) levels, moderate level (mean) and low levels (−1 SD) of the moderator (Pain frequency) omitting the covariates. The simple regression slopes for high (0.09; p < 0.001) and moderate levels (0.05; p < 0.001) were positive and statistically significant. The simple slope for low levels of the moderator (0.01; p = 0.486) was statistically non-significant. PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; Numbers in parentheses, Un-centered values.

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