Epigenetics and Liver Fibrosis

Eva Moran-Salvador, Jelena Mann, Eva Moran-Salvador, Jelena Mann

Abstract

Liver fibrosis arises because prolonged injury combined with excessive scar deposition within hepatic parenchyma arising from overactive wound healing response mediated by activated myofibroblasts. Fibrosis is the common end point for any type of chronic liver injury including alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, and cholestatic liver diseases. Although genetic influences are important, it is epigenetic mechanisms that have been shown to orchestrate many aspects of fibrogenesis in the liver. New discoveries in the field are leading toward the development of epigenetic biomarkers and targeted therapies. This review considers epigenetic mechanisms as well as recent advances in epigenetic programming in the context of hepatic fibrosis.

Keywords: CLD, chronic liver disease; Chronic Liver Disease; CpG, cytosine-phospho-guanine; DNA Methylation; DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; Epigenetics; HDAC, histone deacetylase; HSC, hepatic stellate cell; Histone Modifications; Liver Fibrosis; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; TET, Ten Eleven Translocation; miRNA, microRNA; ncRNA, non-coding RNA.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Epigenetic mechanisms of heritable gene expression regulation. There are several highly interdependent epigenetic mechanisms that are important in the control of gene expression, namely DNA methylation (and hydroxymethylation), histone post-translational modifications, and ncRNA-based pathways, including small and long ncRNA species.

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