Long-term impact of radiation on the stem cell and oligodendrocyte precursors in the brain
Georgia Panagiotakos, George Alshamy, Bill Chan, Rory Abrams, Edward Greenberg, Amit Saxena, Michelle Bradbury, Mark Edgar, Philip Gutin, Viviane Tabar, Georgia Panagiotakos, George Alshamy, Bill Chan, Rory Abrams, Edward Greenberg, Amit Saxena, Michelle Bradbury, Mark Edgar, Philip Gutin, Viviane Tabar
Abstract
Background: The cellular basis of long term radiation damage in the brain is not fully understood.
Methods and findings: We administered a dose of 25Gy to adult rat brains while shielding the olfactory bulbs. Quantitative analyses were serially performed on different brain regions over 15 months. Our data reveal an immediate and permanent suppression of SVZ proliferation and neurogenesis. The olfactory bulb demonstrates a transient but remarkable SVZ-independent ability for compensation and maintenance of the calretinin interneuron population. The oligodendrocyte compartment exhibits a complex pattern of limited proliferation of NG2 progenitors but steady loss of the oligodendroglial antigen O4. As of nine months post radiation, diffuse demyelination starts in all irradiated brains. Counts of capillary segments and length demonstrate significant loss one day post radiation but swift and persistent recovery of the vasculature up to 15 months post XRT. MRI imaging confirms loss of volume of the corpus callosum and early signs of demyelination at 12 months. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrates progressive degradation of myelin sheaths with axonal preservation. Areas of focal necrosis appear beyond 15 months and are preceded by widespread demyelination. Human white matter specimens obtained post-radiation confirm early loss of oligodendrocyte progenitors and delayed onset of myelin sheath fragmentation with preserved capillaries.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates that long term radiation injury is associated with irreversible damage to the neural stem cell compartment in the rodent SVZ and loss of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in both rodent and human brain. Delayed onset demyelination precedes focal necrosis and is likely due to the loss of oligodendrocyte precursors and the inability of the stem cell compartment to compensate for this loss.
Conflict of interest statement
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Figures
![Figure 1. Experimental set-up and definition of…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/1913551/bin/pone.0000588.g001.jpg)
Figure 2. Effect of radiation on the…
Figure 2. Effect of radiation on the olfactory bulb.
(A) Immunohistochemistry of BrdU/doublecortin (DCX) labeled…
Figure 3. Fluorescence intensity quantification of O4…
Figure 3. Fluorescence intensity quantification of O4 and MBP and immunohistological assessment of oligodendrocyte markers.
Figure 4. MRI imaging post radiation.
Representative…
Figure 4. MRI imaging post radiation.
Representative sagittal (A, upper panel) and axial (A, lower…
Figure 5. Endothelial cell number and capillary…
Figure 5. Endothelial cell number and capillary length post radiation.
(A) Representative images of sections…
Figure 6. Radiation effects in human tissue…
Figure 6. Radiation effects in human tissue samples.
Human white matter samples acquired from non-irradiated…
Figure 7. Ultrastructural features of irradiated rat…
Figure 7. Ultrastructural features of irradiated rat and human brain tissue.
Electron microscopy of rat…
- Transplantation of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in an animal model of diffuse traumatic axonal injury: survival and differentiation.Xu L, Ryu J, Hiel H, Menon A, Aggarwal A, Rha E, Mahairaki V, Cummings BJ, Koliatsos VE. Xu L, et al. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015 May 14;6(1):93. doi: 10.1186/s13287-015-0087-0. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015. PMID: 25971252 Free PMC article.
- Multimodal imaging of subventricular zone neural stem/progenitor cells in the cuprizone mouse model reveals increased neurogenic potential for the olfactory bulb pathway, but no contribution to remyelination of the corpus callosum.Guglielmetti C, Praet J, Rangarajan JR, Vreys R, De Vocht N, Maes F, Verhoye M, Ponsaerts P, Van der Linden A. Guglielmetti C, et al. Neuroimage. 2014 Feb 1;86:99-110. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.080. Epub 2013 Aug 7. Neuroimage. 2014. PMID: 23933305
- Comparison of cortical and white matter traumatic brain injury models reveals differential effects in the subventricular zone and divergent Sonic hedgehog signaling pathways in neuroblasts and oligodendrocyte progenitors.Mierzwa AJ, Sullivan GM, Beer LA, Ahn S, Armstrong RC. Mierzwa AJ, et al. ASN Neuro. 2014 Sep 23;6(5):1759091414551782. doi: 10.1177/1759091414551782. Print 2014. ASN Neuro. 2014. PMID: 25290062 Free PMC article.
- Myelin loss and oligodendrocyte pathology in white matter tracts following traumatic brain injury in the rat.Flygt J, Djupsjö A, Lenne F, Marklund N. Flygt J, et al. Eur J Neurosci. 2013 Jul;38(1):2153-65. doi: 10.1111/ejn.12179. Epub 2013 Mar 5. Eur J Neurosci. 2013. PMID: 23458840
- NG2-expressing cells in the central nervous system: are they oligodendroglial progenitors?Dawson MR, Levine JM, Reynolds R. Dawson MR, et al. J Neurosci Res. 2000 Sep 1;61(5):471-9. doi: 10.1002/1097-4547(20000901)61:53.0.CO;2-N. J Neurosci Res. 2000. PMID: 10956416 Review.
- Neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid on radiation-induced brainstem injury in rats.Motallebzadeh E, Aghighi F, Vakili Z, Talaei SA, Mohseni M. Motallebzadeh E, et al. Res Pharm Sci. 2023 Jan 19;18(2):202-209. doi: 10.4103/1735-5362.367798. eCollection 2023 Apr. Res Pharm Sci. 2023. PMID: 36873276 Free PMC article.
- Measurements of cerebral microvascular blood flow, oxygenation, and morphology in a mouse model of whole-brain irradiation-induced cognitive impairment by two-photon microscopy and optical coherence tomography: evidence for microvascular injury in the cerebral white matter.Li B, Yabluchanskiy A, Tarantini S, Allu SR, Şencan-Eğilmez I, Leng J, Alfadhel MAH, Porter JE, Fu B, Ran C, Erdener SE, Boas DA, Vinogradov SA, Sonntag WE, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z, Sakadžić S. Li B, et al. Geroscience. 2023 Feb 16. doi: 10.1007/s11357-023-00735-3. Online ahead of print. Geroscience. 2023. PMID: 36792820
- Neurocognitive considerations in the treatment of meningioma with radiation therapy: applications for quantitative neuroimaging and precision radiation medicine.Hopper A, Salans M, Karunamuni R, Hattangadi-Gluth JA. Hopper A, et al. J Neurooncol. 2023 Jan;161(2):277-286. doi: 10.1007/s11060-022-04175-5. Epub 2022 Dec 26. J Neurooncol. 2023. PMID: 36572802 Review.
- Delayed effects of radiation in adipose tissue reflect progenitor damage and not cellular senescence.Ruggiero AD, Davis MA, Davis AT, DeStephanis D, Williams AG, Vemuri R, Fanning KM, Sherrill C, Cline JM, Caudell DL, Kavanagh K. Ruggiero AD, et al. Geroscience. 2023 Feb;45(1):507-521. doi: 10.1007/s11357-022-00660-x. Epub 2022 Sep 22. Geroscience. 2023. PMID: 36136223 Free PMC article.
- Revealing the Increased Stress Response Behavior through Transcriptomic Analysis of Adult Zebrafish Brain after Chronic Low to Moderate Dose Rates of Ionizing Radiation.Cantabella E, Camilleri V, Cavalie I, Dubourg N, Gagnaire B, Charlier TD, Adam-Guillermin C, Cousin X, Armant O. Cantabella E, et al. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Aug 4;14(15):3793. doi: 10.3390/cancers14153793. Cancers (Basel). 2022. PMID: 35954455 Free PMC article.
-
- Fike JR, Cann CE, Turowski K, Higgins RJ, Chan AS, et al. Radiation dose response of normal brain. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988;14:63–70. - PubMed
-
- DeAngelis LM, Gutin PH, Leibel SA, Posner JB. Martin Dunitz Ltd; 2002. Intracranial Tumors. Diagnosis and Treatment.
-
- Roman DD, Sperduto PW. Neuropsychological effects of cranial radiation: current knowledge and future directions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;31:983–998. - PubMed
-
- Oi S, Kokunai T, Ijichi A, Matsumoto S, Raimondi AJ. Radiation-induced brain damage in children–histological analysis of sequential tissue changes in 34 autopsy cases. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1990;30:36–42. - PubMed
-
- Sano K, Morii K, Sato M, Mori H, Tanaka R. Radiation-induced diffuse brain injury in the neonatal rat model–radiation-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2000;40:495–499. - PubMed
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Animals
- Brain / radiation effects*
- Calbindin 2
- Cell Division / radiation effects
- Cerebral Cortex / radiation effects
- Cerebral Ventricles / physiology
- Cerebral Ventricles / radiation effects
- Corpus Callosum / anatomy & histology
- Corpus Callosum / radiation effects
- Female
- Humans
- Interneurons / physiology
- Interneurons / radiation effects
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Myelin Sheath / pathology
- Myelin Sheath / radiation effects
- Necrosis
- Olfactory Bulb / pathology
- Olfactory Bulb / radiation effects
- Oligodendroglia / radiation effects*
- Radiotherapy / adverse effects
- Radiotherapy / methods
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / metabolism
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / radiation effects
- Stem Cells / radiation effects*
- CALB2 protein, human
- Calb2 protein, rat
- Calbindin 2
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein G
- Full Text Sources
- Medical
- Research Materials
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 2. Effect of radiation on the…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/1913551/bin/pone.0000588.g002.jpg)
Figure 3. Fluorescence intensity quantification of O4…
Figure 3. Fluorescence intensity quantification of O4 and MBP and immunohistological assessment of oligodendrocyte markers.
Figure 4. MRI imaging post radiation.
Representative…
Figure 4. MRI imaging post radiation.
Representative sagittal (A, upper panel) and axial (A, lower…
Figure 5. Endothelial cell number and capillary…
Figure 5. Endothelial cell number and capillary length post radiation.
(A) Representative images of sections…
Figure 6. Radiation effects in human tissue…
Figure 6. Radiation effects in human tissue samples.
Human white matter samples acquired from non-irradiated…
Figure 7. Ultrastructural features of irradiated rat…
Figure 7. Ultrastructural features of irradiated rat and human brain tissue.
Electron microscopy of rat…
- Transplantation of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in an animal model of diffuse traumatic axonal injury: survival and differentiation.Xu L, Ryu J, Hiel H, Menon A, Aggarwal A, Rha E, Mahairaki V, Cummings BJ, Koliatsos VE. Xu L, et al. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015 May 14;6(1):93. doi: 10.1186/s13287-015-0087-0. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015. PMID: 25971252 Free PMC article.
- Multimodal imaging of subventricular zone neural stem/progenitor cells in the cuprizone mouse model reveals increased neurogenic potential for the olfactory bulb pathway, but no contribution to remyelination of the corpus callosum.Guglielmetti C, Praet J, Rangarajan JR, Vreys R, De Vocht N, Maes F, Verhoye M, Ponsaerts P, Van der Linden A. Guglielmetti C, et al. Neuroimage. 2014 Feb 1;86:99-110. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.080. Epub 2013 Aug 7. Neuroimage. 2014. PMID: 23933305
- Comparison of cortical and white matter traumatic brain injury models reveals differential effects in the subventricular zone and divergent Sonic hedgehog signaling pathways in neuroblasts and oligodendrocyte progenitors.Mierzwa AJ, Sullivan GM, Beer LA, Ahn S, Armstrong RC. Mierzwa AJ, et al. ASN Neuro. 2014 Sep 23;6(5):1759091414551782. doi: 10.1177/1759091414551782. Print 2014. ASN Neuro. 2014. PMID: 25290062 Free PMC article.
- Myelin loss and oligodendrocyte pathology in white matter tracts following traumatic brain injury in the rat.Flygt J, Djupsjö A, Lenne F, Marklund N. Flygt J, et al. Eur J Neurosci. 2013 Jul;38(1):2153-65. doi: 10.1111/ejn.12179. Epub 2013 Mar 5. Eur J Neurosci. 2013. PMID: 23458840
- NG2-expressing cells in the central nervous system: are they oligodendroglial progenitors?Dawson MR, Levine JM, Reynolds R. Dawson MR, et al. J Neurosci Res. 2000 Sep 1;61(5):471-9. doi: 10.1002/1097-4547(20000901)61:53.0.CO;2-N. J Neurosci Res. 2000. PMID: 10956416 Review.
- Neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid on radiation-induced brainstem injury in rats.Motallebzadeh E, Aghighi F, Vakili Z, Talaei SA, Mohseni M. Motallebzadeh E, et al. Res Pharm Sci. 2023 Jan 19;18(2):202-209. doi: 10.4103/1735-5362.367798. eCollection 2023 Apr. Res Pharm Sci. 2023. PMID: 36873276 Free PMC article.
- Measurements of cerebral microvascular blood flow, oxygenation, and morphology in a mouse model of whole-brain irradiation-induced cognitive impairment by two-photon microscopy and optical coherence tomography: evidence for microvascular injury in the cerebral white matter.Li B, Yabluchanskiy A, Tarantini S, Allu SR, Şencan-Eğilmez I, Leng J, Alfadhel MAH, Porter JE, Fu B, Ran C, Erdener SE, Boas DA, Vinogradov SA, Sonntag WE, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z, Sakadžić S. Li B, et al. Geroscience. 2023 Feb 16. doi: 10.1007/s11357-023-00735-3. Online ahead of print. Geroscience. 2023. PMID: 36792820
- Neurocognitive considerations in the treatment of meningioma with radiation therapy: applications for quantitative neuroimaging and precision radiation medicine.Hopper A, Salans M, Karunamuni R, Hattangadi-Gluth JA. Hopper A, et al. J Neurooncol. 2023 Jan;161(2):277-286. doi: 10.1007/s11060-022-04175-5. Epub 2022 Dec 26. J Neurooncol. 2023. PMID: 36572802 Review.
- Delayed effects of radiation in adipose tissue reflect progenitor damage and not cellular senescence.Ruggiero AD, Davis MA, Davis AT, DeStephanis D, Williams AG, Vemuri R, Fanning KM, Sherrill C, Cline JM, Caudell DL, Kavanagh K. Ruggiero AD, et al. Geroscience. 2023 Feb;45(1):507-521. doi: 10.1007/s11357-022-00660-x. Epub 2022 Sep 22. Geroscience. 2023. PMID: 36136223 Free PMC article.
- Revealing the Increased Stress Response Behavior through Transcriptomic Analysis of Adult Zebrafish Brain after Chronic Low to Moderate Dose Rates of Ionizing Radiation.Cantabella E, Camilleri V, Cavalie I, Dubourg N, Gagnaire B, Charlier TD, Adam-Guillermin C, Cousin X, Armant O. Cantabella E, et al. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Aug 4;14(15):3793. doi: 10.3390/cancers14153793. Cancers (Basel). 2022. PMID: 35954455 Free PMC article.
-
- Fike JR, Cann CE, Turowski K, Higgins RJ, Chan AS, et al. Radiation dose response of normal brain. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988;14:63–70. - PubMed
-
- DeAngelis LM, Gutin PH, Leibel SA, Posner JB. Martin Dunitz Ltd; 2002. Intracranial Tumors. Diagnosis and Treatment.
-
- Roman DD, Sperduto PW. Neuropsychological effects of cranial radiation: current knowledge and future directions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;31:983–998. - PubMed
-
- Oi S, Kokunai T, Ijichi A, Matsumoto S, Raimondi AJ. Radiation-induced brain damage in children–histological analysis of sequential tissue changes in 34 autopsy cases. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1990;30:36–42. - PubMed
-
- Sano K, Morii K, Sato M, Mori H, Tanaka R. Radiation-induced diffuse brain injury in the neonatal rat model–radiation-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2000;40:495–499. - PubMed
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Animals
- Brain / radiation effects*
- Calbindin 2
- Cell Division / radiation effects
- Cerebral Cortex / radiation effects
- Cerebral Ventricles / physiology
- Cerebral Ventricles / radiation effects
- Corpus Callosum / anatomy & histology
- Corpus Callosum / radiation effects
- Female
- Humans
- Interneurons / physiology
- Interneurons / radiation effects
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Myelin Sheath / pathology
- Myelin Sheath / radiation effects
- Necrosis
- Olfactory Bulb / pathology
- Olfactory Bulb / radiation effects
- Oligodendroglia / radiation effects*
- Radiotherapy / adverse effects
- Radiotherapy / methods
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / metabolism
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / radiation effects
- Stem Cells / radiation effects*
- CALB2 protein, human
- Calb2 protein, rat
- Calbindin 2
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein G
- Full Text Sources
- Medical
- Research Materials
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 3. Fluorescence intensity quantification of O4…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/1913551/bin/pone.0000588.g003.jpg)
Figure 4. MRI imaging post radiation.
Representative…
Figure 4. MRI imaging post radiation.
Representative sagittal (A, upper panel) and axial (A, lower…
Figure 5. Endothelial cell number and capillary…
Figure 5. Endothelial cell number and capillary length post radiation.
(A) Representative images of sections…
Figure 6. Radiation effects in human tissue…
Figure 6. Radiation effects in human tissue samples.
Human white matter samples acquired from non-irradiated…
Figure 7. Ultrastructural features of irradiated rat…
Figure 7. Ultrastructural features of irradiated rat and human brain tissue.
Electron microscopy of rat…
- Transplantation of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in an animal model of diffuse traumatic axonal injury: survival and differentiation.Xu L, Ryu J, Hiel H, Menon A, Aggarwal A, Rha E, Mahairaki V, Cummings BJ, Koliatsos VE. Xu L, et al. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015 May 14;6(1):93. doi: 10.1186/s13287-015-0087-0. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015. PMID: 25971252 Free PMC article.
- Multimodal imaging of subventricular zone neural stem/progenitor cells in the cuprizone mouse model reveals increased neurogenic potential for the olfactory bulb pathway, but no contribution to remyelination of the corpus callosum.Guglielmetti C, Praet J, Rangarajan JR, Vreys R, De Vocht N, Maes F, Verhoye M, Ponsaerts P, Van der Linden A. Guglielmetti C, et al. Neuroimage. 2014 Feb 1;86:99-110. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.080. Epub 2013 Aug 7. Neuroimage. 2014. PMID: 23933305
- Comparison of cortical and white matter traumatic brain injury models reveals differential effects in the subventricular zone and divergent Sonic hedgehog signaling pathways in neuroblasts and oligodendrocyte progenitors.Mierzwa AJ, Sullivan GM, Beer LA, Ahn S, Armstrong RC. Mierzwa AJ, et al. ASN Neuro. 2014 Sep 23;6(5):1759091414551782. doi: 10.1177/1759091414551782. Print 2014. ASN Neuro. 2014. PMID: 25290062 Free PMC article.
- Myelin loss and oligodendrocyte pathology in white matter tracts following traumatic brain injury in the rat.Flygt J, Djupsjö A, Lenne F, Marklund N. Flygt J, et al. Eur J Neurosci. 2013 Jul;38(1):2153-65. doi: 10.1111/ejn.12179. Epub 2013 Mar 5. Eur J Neurosci. 2013. PMID: 23458840
- NG2-expressing cells in the central nervous system: are they oligodendroglial progenitors?Dawson MR, Levine JM, Reynolds R. Dawson MR, et al. J Neurosci Res. 2000 Sep 1;61(5):471-9. doi: 10.1002/1097-4547(20000901)61:53.0.CO;2-N. J Neurosci Res. 2000. PMID: 10956416 Review.
- Neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid on radiation-induced brainstem injury in rats.Motallebzadeh E, Aghighi F, Vakili Z, Talaei SA, Mohseni M. Motallebzadeh E, et al. Res Pharm Sci. 2023 Jan 19;18(2):202-209. doi: 10.4103/1735-5362.367798. eCollection 2023 Apr. Res Pharm Sci. 2023. PMID: 36873276 Free PMC article.
- Measurements of cerebral microvascular blood flow, oxygenation, and morphology in a mouse model of whole-brain irradiation-induced cognitive impairment by two-photon microscopy and optical coherence tomography: evidence for microvascular injury in the cerebral white matter.Li B, Yabluchanskiy A, Tarantini S, Allu SR, Şencan-Eğilmez I, Leng J, Alfadhel MAH, Porter JE, Fu B, Ran C, Erdener SE, Boas DA, Vinogradov SA, Sonntag WE, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z, Sakadžić S. Li B, et al. Geroscience. 2023 Feb 16. doi: 10.1007/s11357-023-00735-3. Online ahead of print. Geroscience. 2023. PMID: 36792820
- Neurocognitive considerations in the treatment of meningioma with radiation therapy: applications for quantitative neuroimaging and precision radiation medicine.Hopper A, Salans M, Karunamuni R, Hattangadi-Gluth JA. Hopper A, et al. J Neurooncol. 2023 Jan;161(2):277-286. doi: 10.1007/s11060-022-04175-5. Epub 2022 Dec 26. J Neurooncol. 2023. PMID: 36572802 Review.
- Delayed effects of radiation in adipose tissue reflect progenitor damage and not cellular senescence.Ruggiero AD, Davis MA, Davis AT, DeStephanis D, Williams AG, Vemuri R, Fanning KM, Sherrill C, Cline JM, Caudell DL, Kavanagh K. Ruggiero AD, et al. Geroscience. 2023 Feb;45(1):507-521. doi: 10.1007/s11357-022-00660-x. Epub 2022 Sep 22. Geroscience. 2023. PMID: 36136223 Free PMC article.
- Revealing the Increased Stress Response Behavior through Transcriptomic Analysis of Adult Zebrafish Brain after Chronic Low to Moderate Dose Rates of Ionizing Radiation.Cantabella E, Camilleri V, Cavalie I, Dubourg N, Gagnaire B, Charlier TD, Adam-Guillermin C, Cousin X, Armant O. Cantabella E, et al. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Aug 4;14(15):3793. doi: 10.3390/cancers14153793. Cancers (Basel). 2022. PMID: 35954455 Free PMC article.
-
- Fike JR, Cann CE, Turowski K, Higgins RJ, Chan AS, et al. Radiation dose response of normal brain. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988;14:63–70. - PubMed
-
- DeAngelis LM, Gutin PH, Leibel SA, Posner JB. Martin Dunitz Ltd; 2002. Intracranial Tumors. Diagnosis and Treatment.
-
- Roman DD, Sperduto PW. Neuropsychological effects of cranial radiation: current knowledge and future directions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;31:983–998. - PubMed
-
- Oi S, Kokunai T, Ijichi A, Matsumoto S, Raimondi AJ. Radiation-induced brain damage in children–histological analysis of sequential tissue changes in 34 autopsy cases. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1990;30:36–42. - PubMed
-
- Sano K, Morii K, Sato M, Mori H, Tanaka R. Radiation-induced diffuse brain injury in the neonatal rat model–radiation-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2000;40:495–499. - PubMed
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Animals
- Brain / radiation effects*
- Calbindin 2
- Cell Division / radiation effects
- Cerebral Cortex / radiation effects
- Cerebral Ventricles / physiology
- Cerebral Ventricles / radiation effects
- Corpus Callosum / anatomy & histology
- Corpus Callosum / radiation effects
- Female
- Humans
- Interneurons / physiology
- Interneurons / radiation effects
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Myelin Sheath / pathology
- Myelin Sheath / radiation effects
- Necrosis
- Olfactory Bulb / pathology
- Olfactory Bulb / radiation effects
- Oligodendroglia / radiation effects*
- Radiotherapy / adverse effects
- Radiotherapy / methods
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / metabolism
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / radiation effects
- Stem Cells / radiation effects*
- CALB2 protein, human
- Calb2 protein, rat
- Calbindin 2
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein G
- Full Text Sources
- Medical
- Research Materials
![Figure 4. MRI imaging post radiation.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/1913551/bin/pone.0000588.g004.jpg)
![Figure 5. Endothelial cell number and capillary…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/1913551/bin/pone.0000588.g005.jpg)
Figure 6. Radiation effects in human tissue…
Figure 6. Radiation effects in human tissue samples.
Human white matter samples acquired from non-irradiated…
Figure 7. Ultrastructural features of irradiated rat…
Figure 7. Ultrastructural features of irradiated rat and human brain tissue.
Electron microscopy of rat…
![Figure 6. Radiation effects in human tissue…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/1913551/bin/pone.0000588.g006.jpg)
![Figure 7. Ultrastructural features of irradiated rat…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/1913551/bin/pone.0000588.g007.jpg)
References
- Fike JR, Cann CE, Turowski K, Higgins RJ, Chan AS, et al. Radiation dose response of normal brain. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988;14:63–70.
- DeAngelis LM, Gutin PH, Leibel SA, Posner JB. Martin Dunitz Ltd; 2002. Intracranial Tumors. Diagnosis and Treatment.
- Roman DD, Sperduto PW. Neuropsychological effects of cranial radiation: current knowledge and future directions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;31:983–998.
- Oi S, Kokunai T, Ijichi A, Matsumoto S, Raimondi AJ. Radiation-induced brain damage in children–histological analysis of sequential tissue changes in 34 autopsy cases. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1990;30:36–42.
- Sano K, Morii K, Sato M, Mori H, Tanaka R. Radiation-induced diffuse brain injury in the neonatal rat model–radiation-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2000;40:495–499.
- Duffner PK, Cohen ME, Thomas PR, Lanza RP. The long-term effects of cranial irradiation on the central nervous system. Cancer. 1985;56:1841–1846.
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Source: PubMed