Effects of dietary nutrients on volatile breath metabolites

Olawunmi A Ajibola, David Smith, Patrik Spaněl, Gordon A A Ferns, Olawunmi A Ajibola, David Smith, Patrik Spaněl, Gordon A A Ferns

Abstract

Breath analysis is becoming increasingly established as a means of assessing metabolic, biochemical and physiological function in health and disease. The methods available for these analyses exploit a variety of complex physicochemical principles, but are becoming more easily utilised in the clinical setting. Whilst some of the factors accounting for the biological variation in breath metabolite concentrations have been clarified, there has been relatively little work on the dietary factors that may influence them. In applying breath analysis to the clinical setting, it will be important to consider how these factors may affect the interpretation of endogenous breath composition. Diet may have complex effects on the generation of breath compounds. These effects may either be due to a direct impact on metabolism, or because they alter the gastrointestinal flora. Bacteria are a major source of compounds in breath, and their generation of H2, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes and alkanes may be an indicator of the health of their host.

Keywords: Breath analysis; Gut flora; Macronutrients; Micronutrients; PTR, proton transfer reaction; SIFT, selected ion flow tube; Selected ion flow tube-MS; VOC, volatile organic compounds; ppbv, parts per billion by volume.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
The complex interactions between diet and expired breath metabolites.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Dietary and metabolic sources of the major metabolites in human breath. GI, gastrointestinal; F1P, fructose 1-phosphate; G6P, glucose 6-phosphate; G1P, glucose 1-phosphate; LCFA, long-chain fatty acids; BCFA, branched-chain fatty acids; HMG, hydroxy methyl glutaryl; carbomyl P, carbomyl phosphate. The grey boxes represent compounds that have been identified in breath.

References

    1. Pauling L, Robinson AB, Teranish R, et al. (1971) Quantitative analysis of urine vapor and breath by gas–liquid partition chromatography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 68, 2374–2376
    1. Risby T & Solga S (2006) Current status of clinical breath analysis. Appl Phys B 85, 421–426
    1. Phillips M (1997) Method for the collection and assay of volatile organic compounds in breath. Anal Biochem 247, 272–278
    1. Phillips M, Herrera J, Krishnan S, et al. (1999) Variation in volatile organic compounds in the breath of normal humans. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 729, 75–88
    1. Španěl P & Smith D (2011) Volatile compounds in health and disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 14, 455–460
    1. Teraishi T, Ozeki Y, Hori H, et al. (2012) C-13-phenylalanine breath test detects altered phenylalanine kinetics in schizophrenia patients. Transl Psychiatry 2, e119.
    1. Louhelainen N, Myllarniemi M, Rahman I, et al. (2008) Airway biomarkers of the oxidant burden in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current and future perspectives. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 3, 585–603
    1. Salerno-Kennedy R & Cashman KD (2005) Potential applications of breath isoprene as a biomarker in modern medicine: a concise overview. Wien Klin Wochenschr 117, 180–186
    1. Hamer HM, De Preter V, Windey K, et al. (2012) Functional analysis of colonic bacterial metabolism: relevant to health? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 302, G1–G9
    1. Popov TA (2011) Human exhaled breath analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 106, 451–456
    1. Smith D, Turner C & Španěl P (2007) Volatile metabolites in the exhaled breath of healthy volunteers: their levels and distributions. J Breath Res 1, 014004.
    1. Zhang Z & Li G (2010) A review of advances and new developments in the analysis of biological volatile organic compounds. Microchem J 95, 127–139
    1. Singh S & Evans TW (1997) Nitric oxide, the biological mediator of the decade: fact or fiction? Eur Respir J 10, 699–707
    1. Weinberg JB (1998) Nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase type 2 expression by human mononuclear phagocytes: a review. Mol Med 4, 557–591
    1. Wang T, Pysanenko A, Dryahina K, et al. (2008) Analysis of breath, exhaled via the mouth and nose, and the air in the oral cavity. J Breath Res 2, 037013.
    1. Smith D, Wang T, Pysanenko A, et al. (2008) A selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry study of ammonia in mouth- and nose-exhaled breath and in the oral cavity. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22, 783–789
    1. van den Broek AM, Feenstra L & de Baat C (2007) A review of the current literature on aetiology and measurement methods of halitosis. J Dent 35, 627–635
    1. Španěl P, Turner C, Wang TS, et al. (2006) Generation of volatile compounds on mouth exposure to urea and sucrose: implications for exhaled breath analysis. Physiol Meas 27, N7–N17
    1. Hodgson M, Linforth RST & Taylor AJ (2003) Simultaneous real-time measurements of mastication, swallowing, nasal airflow, and aroma release. J Agric Food Chem 51, 5052–5057
    1. Herbig J, Titzmann T, Beauchamp J, et al. (2008) Buffered end-tidal (BET) sampling – a novel method for real-time breath-gas analysis. J Breath Res 2, 037008.
    1. Birken T, Schubert J, Miekisch W, et al. (2006) A novel visually CO2 controlled alveolar breath sampling technique. Technol Health Care 14, 499–506
    1. Diskin AM, Španěl P & Smith D (2003) Time variation of ammonia, acetone, isoprene and ethanol in breath: a quantitative SIFT-MS study over 30 days. Physiol Meas 24, 107–119
    1. Turner C, Španěl P & Smith D (2006) A longitudinal study of methanol in the exhaled breath of 30 healthy volunteers using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS. Physiol Meas 27, 637–648
    1. Turner C, Španěl P & Smith D (2006) A longitudinal study of ammonia, acetone and propanol in the exhaled breath of 30 subjects using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS. Physiol Meas 27, 321–337
    1. Smith D, Španěl P, Enderby B, et al. (2010) Isoprene levels in the exhaled breath of 200 healthy pupils within the age range 7–18 years studied using SIFT-MS. J Breath Res 4, 017101.
    1. Smith D, Španěl P & Davies S (1999) Trace gases in breath of healthy volunteers when fasting and after a protein-calorie meal: a preliminary study. J Appl Physiol 87, 1584–1588
    1. Turner C, Španěl P & Smith D (2006) A longitudinal study of ethanol and acetaldehyde in the exhaled breath of healthy volunteers using selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 20, 61–68
    1. Schmidt F, Metsala M, Vaittinen O, et al. (2011) Background levels and diurnal variations of hydrogen cyanide in breath and emitted from skin. J Breath Res 5, 046004.
    1. King J, Mochalski P, Kupferthaler A, et al. (2010) Dynamic profiles of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath as determined by a coupled PTR-MS/GC-MS study. Physiol Meas 31, 1169–1184
    1. Turner C, Španěl P & Smith D (2006) A longitudinal study of breath isoprene in healthy volunteers using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). Physiol Meas 27, 13–22
    1. King J, Koc H, Unterkofler K, et al. (2010) Physiological modeling of isoprene dynamics in exhaled breath. J Theor Biol 267, 626–637
    1. St Croix CM, Wetter TJ, Pegelow DF, et al. (1999) Assessment of nitric oxide formation during exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159, 1125–1133
    1. Dummer JF, Storer MK, Hu WP, et al. (2010) Accurate, reproducible measurement of acetone concentration in breath using selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry. J Breath Res 4, 046001.
    1. Beauchamp J, Kirsch F & Buettner A (2010) Real-time breath gas analysis for pharmacokinetics: monitoring exhaled breath by on-line proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry after ingestion of eucalyptol-containing capsules. J Breath Res 4, 026006.
    1. Lodhia P, Yaegaki K, Khakbaznejad A, et al. (2008) Effect of green tea on volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 54, 89–94
    1. Hodgson MD, Langridge JP, Linforth RST, et al. (2005) Aroma release and delivery following the consumption of beverages. J Agric Food Chem 53, 1700–1706
    1. Buffo RA, Rapp JA, Krick T, et al. (2005) Persistence of aroma compounds in human breath after consuming an aqueous model aroma mixture. Food Chem 89, 103–108
    1. Cheng H (2010) Volatile flavor compounds in yogurt: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 50, 938–950
    1. Plaza-Bolanos P, Garrido Frenich A & Martinez Vidal JL (2010) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food and beverages. Analytical methods and trends. J Chromatogr A 1217, 6303–6326
    1. Varlet V & Fernandez X (2010) Review. Sulfur-containing volatile compounds in seafood: occurrence, odorant properties and mechanisms of formation. Food Sci Technol Int 16, 463–503
    1. Lowe F & Cemeli E (2011) Biomarkers of oxidative stress and the relationship to cigarette smoking. Mini-Rev Org Chem 8, 377–386
    1. Comandini A, Marzano V, Curradi G, et al. (2010) Markers of anti-oxidant response in tobacco smoke exposed subjects: a data-mining review. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 23, 482–492
    1. Filipiak W, Ruzsanyi V, Mochalski P, et al. (2012) Dependence of exhaled breath composition on exogenous factors, smoking habits and exposure to air pollutants. J Breath Res 6, 036008.
    1. Yao H & Rahman I (2011) Experimental models to study cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo in preclinical models, and in smokers and patients with airways disease In Studies on Experimental Models: Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice, pp. 399–420 [Basu S and Wiklund L, editors]. New York: Humana Press
    1. Aghdassi E & Allard JP (2000) Breath alkanes as a marker of oxidative stress in different clinical conditions. Free Radical Biol Med 28, 880–886
    1. Allerheiligen SRB, Ludden TM & Burk RF (1987) The pharmacokinetics of pentane, a by-product of lipid-peroxidation. Drug Metab Dispos 15, 794–800
    1. Bernhard D & Wang X (2007) Smoking, oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases – do anti-oxidative therapies fail? Curr Med Chem 14, 1703–1712
    1. Horvat RJ, Lane WG, Ng H, et al. (1964) Saturated hydrocarbons from autoxidizing methyl linoleate. Nature 203, 523–524
    1. Lieberman M & Mapson LW (1964) Genesis and biogenesis ethylene. Nature 204, 343–345
    1. Riely CA, Cohen G & Lieberma M (1974) Ethane evolution: new index of lipid peroxidation. Science 183, 208–210
    1. Risby TH, Jiang L, Stoll S, et al. (1999) Breath ethane as a marker of reactive oxygen species during manipulation of diet and oxygen tension in rats. J Appl Physiol 86, 617–622
    1. Andreoni KA, Kazui M, Cameron DE, et al. (1999) Ethane: a marker of lipid peroxidation during cardiopulmonary bypass in humans. Free Radical Biol Med 26, 439–445
    1. Kneepkens CMF, Lepage G & Roy CC (1994) The potential of the hydrocarbon breath test as a measure of lipid-peroxidation. Free Radical Biol Med 17, 127–160
    1. Do BKQ, Garewal HS, Clements NC, et al. (1996) Exhaled ethane and antioxidant vitamin supplements in active smokers. Chest 110, 159–164
    1. Miller III ER, Appel LJ, Jiang L, et al. (1997) The impact of cigarette smoking on measures of oxidative damage. Circulation 96, 1097–1101
    1. Hoshino E, Shariff R, Vangossum A, et al. (1990) Vitamin E suppresses increased lipid-peroxidation in cigarette smokers. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 14, 300–305
    1. Allard JP, Royall D, Kurian R, et al. (1994) Effects of β-carotene supplementation on lipid-peroxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 59, 884–890
    1. Gelmont D, Stein RA & Mead JF (1981) The bacterial origin of rat breath pentane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 102, 932–936
    1. Hrdlicka L, Dryahina K, Spanel P, et al. (2012) Tu1248: noninvasive quantification of volatile metabolites in breath: a potential indicator of inflammatory bowel diseases activity. Gastroenterology 142, Suppl., S784.
    1. Fritz M, Kasper H & Siebert G (1983) Exhalation of hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) under various nutritional conditions. Ernahrungs Umschau 30, 232–233
    1. Sohal RS, Ku HH, Agarwal S, et al. (1994) Oxidative damage, mitochondrial oxidant generation and antioxidant defenses during aging and in response to food restriction in the mouse. Mech Ageing Dev 74, 121–133
    1. Schwarz KB, Cox J, Sharma S, et al. (1998) Progressive decrease in plasma omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids during pregnancy: time course and effects of dietary fats and antioxidant nutrients. J Nutr Environ Med 8, 335–344
    1. Schwarz KB, Cox J, Sharma S, et al. (1995) Cigarette smoking is pro-oxidant in pregnant women regardless of antioxidant nutrient intake. J Nutr Environ Med 5, 225–234
    1. Allard JP, Kurian R, Aghdassi E, et al. (1997) Lipid peroxidation during n-3 fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation in humans. Lipids 32, 535–541
    1. Fooks LJ & Gibson GR (2002) In vitro investigations of the effect of probiotics and prebiotics on selected human intestinal pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 39, 67–75
    1. Steer T, Carpenter H, Tuohy K, et al. (2000) Perspectives on the role of the human gut microbiota and its modulation by pro- and prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 13, 229–254
    1. Musso G, Gambino R & Cassader M (2011) Interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism predisposing to obesity and diabetes. Annu Rev Med 62, 361–380
    1. Van Citters GW & Lin HC (2006) Ileal brake: neuropeptidergic control of intestinal transit. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 8, 367–373
    1. Kontogiorgis C, Bompou E, Ntella M, et al. (2010) Natural products from Mediterranean diet: from anti-inflammatory agents to dietary epigenetic modulators. Anti-Inflam Anti-Allergy Agents Med Chem 9, 101–124
    1. Garcia-Lafuente A, Moro C, Villares A, et al. (2010) Mushrooms as a source of anti-inflammatory agents. Anti-Inflam Anti-Allergy Agents Med Chem 9, 125–141
    1. Garcia-Lafuente A, Guillamon E, Villares A, et al. (2009) Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflam Res 58, 537–552
    1. Kowaltowski AJ (2011) Caloric restriction and redox state: does this diet increase or decrease oxidant production? Redox Rep 16, 237–241
    1. Bouayed J & Bohn T (2010) Exogenous antioxidants-double-edged swords in cellular redox state health beneficial effects at physiologic doses versus deleterious effects at high doses. Oxid Med Cell Longev 3, 228–237
    1. Rosenkranz SK, Townsend DK, Steffens SE, et al. (2010) Effects of a high-fat meal on pulmonary function in healthy subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 109, 499–506
    1. Barros R, Moreira A, Fonseca J, et al. (2011) Dietary intake of α-linolenic acid and low ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA are associated with decreased exhaled NO and improved asthma control. Br J Nutr 106, 441–150.
    1. Kalapos MP (2003) On the mammalian acetone metabolism: from chemistry to clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta 1621, 122–139
    1. Musa-Veloso K, Likhodii SS & Cunnane SC (2002) Breath acetone is a reliable indicator of ketosis in adults consuming ketogenic meals. Am J Clin Nutr 76, 65–70
    1. Španěl P, Dryahina K, Rejskova A, et al. (2011) Breath acetone concentration; biological variability and the influence of diet. Physiol Meas 32, N23–N31
    1. Musa-Veloso K, Rarama E, Comeau F, et al. (2002) Epilepsy and the ketogenic diet: assessment of ketosis in children using breath acetone. Pediatr Res 52, 443–448
    1. Jones A & Rossner S (2007) False-positive breath-alcohol test after a ketogenic diet. Int J Obes 31, 559–561
    1. Levitt MD (1969) Production and excretion of hydrogen gas in man. N Engl J Med 281, 122–127
    1. Avallone EV, De Carolis A, Loizos P, et al. (2010) Hydrogen breath test – diet and basal H2 excretion: a technical note. Digestion 82, 39–41
    1. Rumessen JJ, Hamberg O & Gudmandhoyer E (1989) Influence of orocecal transit-time on hydrogen excretion after carbohydrate malabsorption. Gut 30, 811–814
    1. Rumessen JJ, Hamberg O & Gudmandhoyer E (1990) Interval sampling of end-expiratory hydrogen (H2) concentrations to quantify carbohydrate malabsorption by means of lactulose standards. Gut 31, 37–42
    1. Simren M & Stotzer PO (2006) Use and abuse of hydrogen breath tests. Gut 55, 297–303
    1. Addolorato G, Montalto M, Capristo E, et al. (1997) Influence of alcohol on gastrointestinal motility: lactulose breath hydrogen testing in orocecal transit time in chronic alcoholics, social drinkers and teetotaler subjects. Hepatogastroenterology 44, 1076–1081
    1. Wegener M, Schaffstein J, Dilger U, et al. (1991) Gastrointestinal transit of solid liquid meal in chronic alcoholics. Dig Dis Sci 36, 917–923
    1. Smith D, Wang TS & Španěl P (2002) On-line, simultaneous quantification of ethanol, some metabolites and water vapour in breath following the ingestion of alcohol. Physiol Meas 23, 477–489
    1. Mitsubayashi K, Matsunaga H, Nishio G, et al. (2005) Bioelectronic sniffers for ethanol and acetaldehyde in breath air after drinking. Biosens Bioelectron 20, 1573–1579
    1. Salaspuro MP (2003) Acetaldehyde, microbes, and cancer of the digestive tract. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 40, 183–208
    1. Fritz M, Siebert G & Kasper H (1985) Dose dependence of breath hydrogen and methane in healthy-volunteers after ingestion of a commercial disaccharide mixture, Palatinit. Br J Nutr 54, 389–400
    1. Fritz M, Kasper H, Schrezenmeir J, et al. (1985) Effect of acarbose on the production of hydrogen and methane and on hormonal parameters in young adults under standardized low-fiber mixed diets. Z Ernahrungswiss 24, 1–18
    1. Madsen JL, Linnet J & Rumessen JJ (2006) Effect of nonabsorbed amounts of a fructose–sorbitol mixture on small intestinal transit in healthy volunteers. Dig Dis Sci 51, 147–153
    1. Behall KM & Howe JC (1997) Breath-hydrogen production and amylose content of the diet. Am J Clin Nutr 65, 1783–1789
    1. Strocchi A & Levitt MD (1991) Measurement of starch absorption in humans. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 69, 108–110
    1. Cherbut C, Aube AC, Mekki N, et al. (1997) Digestive and metabolic effects of potato and maize fibres in human subjects. Br J Nutr 77, 33–46
    1. Alles MS, Hartemink R, Meyboom S, et al. (1999) Effect of transgalactooligosaccharides on the composition of the human intestinal microflora and on putative risk markers for colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 69, 980–991
    1. Hamaker BR, Rivera K, Morales E, et al. (1991) Effect of dietary fiber and starch on fecal composition in preschool children consuming maize, amaranth, or cassava flours. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 13, 59–66
    1. O'Keefe SJ, Ou J, Delany JP, et al. (2011) Effect of fiber supplementation on the microbiota in critically ill patients. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2, 138–145
    1. Beckman KB & Ames BN (1998) The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol Rev 78, 547–581
    1. Trepanowski JF, Canale RE, Marshall KE, et al. (2011) Impact of caloric and dietary restriction regimens on markers of health and longevity in humans and animals: a summary of available findings. Nutr J 10, 107.
    1. Habib MP, Dickerson F & Mooradian AD (1990) Ethane production rate in vivo is reduced with dietary restriction. J Appl Physiol 68, 2588–2590
    1. Kundu SK, Bruzek JA, Nair R, et al. (1993) Breath acetone analyzer: diagnostic tool to monitor dietary fat loss. Clin Chem 39, 87–92
    1. Miller ER, Appel LJ & Risby TH (1998) Effect of dietary patterns on measures of lipid peroxidation: results from a randomized clinical trial. Circulation 98, 2390–2395
    1. Lindinger W, Taucher J, Jordan A, et al. (1997) Endogenous production of methanol after the consumption of fruit. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21, 939–943
    1. Taucher J, Lagg A, Hansel A, et al. (1995) Methanol in human breath. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19, 1147–1150
    1. Zhu J, Bean HD, Kuo YM, et al. (2010) Fast detection of volatile organic compounds from bacterial cultures by secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol 48, 4426–4431
    1. Shestivska V, Španěl P, Dryahina K, et al. (2012) Variability in the concentrations of volatile metabolites emitted by genotypically different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Appl Microbiol 113, 701–713
    1. Chippendale TW, Španěl P & Smith D (2011) Time-resolved selected ion flow tube mass spectrometric quantification of the volatile compounds generated by E. coli JM109 cultured in two different media. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 25, 2163–2172
    1. Bartram HP, Scheppach W, Gerlach S, et al. (1994) Does yogurt enriched with Bifidobacterium longum affect colonic microbiology and fecal metabolites in healthy-subjects? Am J Clin Nutr 59, 428–432
    1. Cherbut C, Aube AC, Blottiere HM, et al. (1997) Effects of short-chain fatty acids on gastrointestinal motility. Scand J Gastroenterol 32, 58–61
    1. Nakamura S, Oku T & Ichinose A (2004) Bioavailability of cellobiose by tolerance test and breath hydrogen excretion in humans. Nutrition 20, 979–983
    1. Cani PD, Lecourt E, Dewulf EM, et al. (2009) Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal. Am J Clin Nutr 90, 1236–1243
    1. Britton JR, Pavord ID, Richards KA, et al. (1995) Dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and lung function in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151, 1383–1387
    1. Cook DG, Carey IM, Whincup PH, et al. (1997) Effect of fresh fruit consumption on lung function and wheeze in children. Thorax 52, 628–633
    1. Steinberg FM & Chait A (1998) Antioxidant vitamin supplementation and lipid peroxidation in smokers. Am J Clin Nutr 68, 319–327
    1. Mertz SD, Woodhouse LR, Donangelo CM, et al. (1999) Breath ethane excretion rate in young women is increased by daily iron but not by daily zinc supplementation. FASEB J 13, A241.
    1. Kremer D, Ilgen G & Feldmann J (2005) GC-ICP-MS determination of dimethylselenide in human breath after ingestion of Se-77-enriched selenite: monitoring of in vivo methylation of selenium. Anal Bioanal Chem 383, 509–515
    1. Barceloux DG (1999) Selenium. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 37, 145–172
    1. Smith D & Španěl P (2011) Direct, rapid quantitative analyses of BVOCs using SIFT-MS and PTR-MS obviating sample collection. Trac-Trends Anal Chem 30, 945–959
    1. Wang CJ & Sahay P (2009) Breath analysis using laser spectroscopic techniques: breath biomarkers, spectral fingerprints, and detection limits. Sensors 9, 8230–8262
    1. McCurdy MR, Bakhirkin Y, Wysocki G, et al. (2007) Recent advances of laser spectroscopy-based techniques for applications in breath analysis. J Breath Res 1, 014001.
    1. Smith D & Španěl P (2007) The challenge of breath analysis for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. Analyst 132, 390–396
    1. Ruzsanyi V, Baumbach JI, Sielemann S, et al. (2005) Detection of human metabolites using multi-capillary columns coupled to ion mobility spectrometers. J Chromatogr A 1084, 145–151
    1. Moser B, Bodrogi F, Eibl G, et al. (2005) Mass spectrometric profile of exhaled breath – field study by PTR-MS. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 145, 295–300
    1. Lirk P, Bodrogi F & Rieder J (2004) Medical applications of proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry: ambient air monitoring and breath analysis. Int J Mass Spectrom 239, 221–226
    1. Jordan A, Haidacher S, Hanel G, et al. (2009) An online ultra-high sensitivity proton-transfer-reaction mass-spectrometer combined with switchable reagent ion capability (PTR + SRI-MS). Int J Mass Spectrom 286, 32–38
    1. Blake RS, Monks PS & Ellis AM (2009) Proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry. Chem Rev 109, 861–896
    1. Herbig J, Muller M, Schallhart S, et al. (2009) On-line breath analysis with PTR-TOF. J Breath Res 3, 027004.
    1. Jordan A, Haidacher S, Hanel G, et al. (2009) A high resolution and high sensitivity proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS). Int J Mass Spectrom 286, 122–128
    1. Wang TS (2005) The selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry and its applications to trace gas analysis. Chinese J Anal Chem 33, 887–893
    1. Španěl P, Dryahina K & Smith D (2006) A general method for the calculation of absolute trace gas concentrations in air and breath from selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry data. Int J Mass Spectrom 249, 230–239
    1. Di Francesco F, Fuoco R, Trivella MG, et al. (2005) Breath analysis: trends in techniques and clinical applications. Microchem J 79, 405–410
    1. Thaler ER, Kennedy DW & Hanson CW (2001) Medical applications of electronic nose technology: review of current status. Am J Rhinol 15, 291–295
    1. Sye WF & Cheng MF (1997) The analysis of sulfur compounds by solid adsorbent Tenax GR preconcentration and gas chromatography with flameless sulfur chemiluminescence detection. J Chinese Chem Soc 44, 107–114
    1. Toda K & Dasgupta PK (2008) New applications of chemiluminescence for selective gas analysis. Chem Eng Commun 195, 82–97
    1. Rumessen JJ, Kokholm G & Gudmandhoyer E (1987) Methodological aspects of breath hydrogen (H2) analysis – evaluation of a H2 monitor and interpretation of the breath H2 test. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 47, 555–560
    1. Romagnuolo J, Schiller D & Bailey RJ (2002) Using breath tests wisely in a gastroenterology practice: an evidence-based review of indications and pitfalls in interpretation. Am J Gastroenterol 97, 1113–1126
    1. Eisenmann A, Amann A, Said M, et al. (2008) Implementation and interpretation of hydrogen breath tests. J Breath Res 2, 046002.
    1. Bond JH & Levitt MD (1971) Quantiatative measurement of carbohydrate malabsorption using respiratory hydrogen (H2) excretion. Gastroenterology 60, 765.
    1. Bond JH & Levitt MD (1977) Use of breath hydrogen (H2) in the study of carbohydrate absorption. Am J Dig Dis 22, 379–382
    1. Taylor D, Pijnenburg M, Smith A, et al. (2006) Exhaled nitric oxide measurements: clinical application and interpretation. Thorax 61, 817–827
    1. Stevenson DK, Fanaroff AA, Maisels MJ, et al. (2001) Prediction of hyperbilirubinemia in near-term and term infants. Pediatrics 108, 31–39
    1. Phillips M, Boehmer JP, Cataneo RN, et al. (2004) Prediction of heart transplant rejection with a breath test for markers of oxidative stress. Am J Cardiol 94, 1593–1594
    1. Endre Z, Pickering J, Storer M, et al. (2011) Breath ammonia and trimethylamine allow real-time monitoring of haemodialysis efficacy. Physiol Meas 32, 115–130
    1. Rolla G, Bruno M, Bommarito L, et al. (2008) Breath analysis in patients with end-stage renal disease: effect of haemodialysis. Eur J Clin Invest 38, 728–733
    1. Narasimhan LR, Goodman W & Patel CKN (2001) Correlation of breath ammonia with blood urea nitrogen and creatinine during hemodialysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 4617–4621
    1. Braden B, Lembcke B, Kuker W, et al. (2007) 13C-breath tests: current state of the art and future directions. Dig Liver Dis 39, 795–805
    1. Rao S, Camilleri M, Hasler W, et al. (2011) Evaluation of gastrointestinal transit in clinical practice: position paper of the American and European Neurogastroenterology and Motility Societies. Neurogastroenterol Motil 23, 8–23
    1. Geboes KP, Luypaerts A, Rutgeerts P, et al. (2003) Inulin is an ideal substrate for a hydrogen breath test to measure the orocaecal transit time. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18, 721–729
    1. Shestivska V, Nemec A, Drevinek P, et al. (2011) Quantification of methyl thiocyanate in the headspace of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures and in the breath of cystic fibrosis patients by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 25, 2459–2467
    1. Carroll W, Lenney W, Wang TS, et al. (2005) Detection of volatile compounds emitted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Pediatr Pulmonol 39, 452–456
    1. Sanchez JM & Sacks RD (2003) GC analysis of human breath with a series-coupled column ensemble and a multibed sorption trap. Anal Chem 75, 2231–2236
    1. Smith D, Španěl P, Thompson JM, et al. (1998) The selected ion flow tube method for workplace analyses of trace gases in air and breath: its scope, validation and applications. Appl Occup Environ Hygiene 13, 817–823
    1. Smith D & Španěl P (1996) Application of ion chemistry and the SIFT technique to the quantitative analysis of trace gases in air and on breath. Int Rev Phys Chem 15, 231–271
    1. Smith D & Španěl P (2005) Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) for on-line trace gas analysis. Mass Spectrom Rev 24, 661–700
    1. Boshier PR, Marczin N & Hanna GB (2010) Repeatability of the measurement of exhaled volatile metabolites using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 21, 1070–1074
    1. Oh EH, Song HS & Park TH (2011) Recent advances in electronic and bioelectronic noses and their biomedical applications. Enzyme Microb Technol 48, 427–437
    1. Lewicki R, Wysocki G, Kosterev A, et al. (2007) Carbon dioxide and ammonia detection using 2 µm diode laser based quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. Appl Phys B 7, 157–162
    1. Dahnke H, Kleine D, Hering P, et al. (2001) Real-time monitoring of ethane in human breath using mid-infrared cavity leak-out spectroscopy. Appl Phys B 72, 971–975
    1. Fuchs P, Loeseken C, Schubert JK, et al. (2010) Breath gas aldehydes as biomarkers of lung cancer. Int J Cancer 126, 2663–2670
    1. Henderson MJ, Karger BA & Wrenshall GA (1952) Acetone in the breath; a study of acetone exhalation in diabetic and nondiabetic human subjects. Diabetes 1, 188–193
    1. Španěl P, Davies S & Smith D (1998) Quantification of ammonia in human breath by the selected ion flow tube analytical method using H3O+ and O2+ precursor ions. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 12, 763–766
    1. Rosen RT, Hiserodt RD, Fukuda EK, et al. (2000) The determination of metabolites of garlic preparations in breath and human plasma. Biofactors 13, 241–249
    1. Lawson LD & Hughes BG (1992) Characterization of the formation of allicin and other thiosulfinates from garlic. Planta Med 58, 345–350
    1. Lawson LD & Gardner CD (2005) Composition, stability, and bioavailability of garlic products used in a clinical trial. J Agric Food Chem 53, 6254–6261
    1. Rosen RT, Hiserodt RD, Fukuda EK, et al. (2001) Determination of allicin, S-allylcysteine and volatile metabolites of garlic in breath, plasma or simulated gastric fluids. J Nutr 131, 968S–971S
    1. Phillips M (1992) Detection of carbon-disulfide in breath and air: a possible new risk factor for coronary artery disease. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 64, 119–123
    1. Ciaffoni L, Peverall R & Ritchie GAD (2011) Laser spectroscopy on volatile sulfur compounds: possibilities for breath analysis. J Breath Res 5, 024002.
    1. Chen S, Zieve L & Mahadeva V (1970) Mercaptans and dimethy sulfide in breath of patients with cirrhosis of liver. Effect of feeding methionine. J Lab Clin Med 75, 628–635
    1. Wysocki G, McCurdy M, So S, et al. (2004) Pulsed quantum-cascade laser-based sensor for trace-gas detection of carbonyl sulfide. Appl Opt 43, 6040–6046
    1. Halmer D, von Basum G, Hering P, et al. (2005) Mid-infrared cavity leak-out spectroscopy for ultrasensitive detection of carbonyl sulfide. Opt Lett 30, 2314–2316
    1. Middleton ET & Morice AH (2000) Breath carbon monoxide as an indication of smoking habit. Chest 117, 758–763
    1. Tenhunen R, Marver HS & Schmid R (1968) The enzymatic conversion of heme to bilirubin by microsomal heme oxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 61, 748–755
    1. Ryter SW, Alam J & Choi AMK (2006) Heme oxygenase-1/carbon monoxide: from basic science to therapeutic applications. Physiol Rev 86, 583–650
    1. Paredi P, Biernacki W, Invernizzi G, et al. (1999) Exhaled carbon monoxide levels elevated in diabetes and correlated with glucose concentration in blood: a new test for monitoring the disease?. Chest 116, 1007.
    1. Costello B, Ewen R & Ratcliffe N (2008) A sensor system for monitoring the simple gases hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and ethanol in exhaled breath. J Breath Res 2, 037001.
    1. Tangerman A, Meuwesearends MT & Vantongeren JHM (1983) A new sensitive assay for measuring volatile sulfur compounds in human breath by Tenax trapping and gas-chromatography and its application in liver cirrhosis. Clinica Chimica Acta 130, 103–110
    1. Azad M, Ohira SI & Toda K (2006) Single column trapping/separation and chemiluminescence detection for on-site measurement of methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide. Anal Chem 78, 6252–6259
    1. Paredi P, Kharitonov SA, Leak D, et al. (2000) Exhaled ethane, a marker of lipid peroxidation, is elevated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162, 369–373
    1. Dillard CJ, Dumelin EE & Tappel AL (1977) Effect of dietary vitamin E on expiration of pentane and ethane by rat. Lipids 12, 109–114
    1. Dumelin EE & Tappel AL (1977) Hydrocarbon gases produced during in vitro peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and decomposition of preformed hydroperoxides. Lipids 12, 894–900
    1. Dumitras DC, Giubileo G & Puiu A (2005) Investigation of human biomarkers in exhaled breath by laser photoacoustic spectroscopy. Proc SPIE 5850, 111–121.
    1. Perman JA, Modler S, Barr RG, et al. (1984) Fasting breath hydrogen concentration: normal values and clinical application. Gastroenterology 87, 1358–1363
    1. Christl SU, Murgatroyd PR, Gibson GR, et al. (1992) Production, metabolism, and excretion of hydrogen in the large intestine. Gastroenterology 102, 1269–1277
    1. Lundquist P, Rosling H & Sorbo B (1988) The origin of hydrogen cyanide in breath. Arch Toxicol 61, 270–274
    1. Španěl P, Dryahina K & Smith D (2007) Acetone, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide in exhaled breath of several volunteers aged 4–83 years. J Breath Res 1, 011001.
    1. Enderby B, Smith D, Carroll W, et al. (2009) Hydrogen cyanide as a biomarker for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the breath of children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 44, 142–147
    1. Gelmont D, Stein RA & Mead JF (1981) Isoprene: the main hydrocarbon in human breath. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 99, 1456–1460
    1. Karl T, Prazeller P, Mayr D, et al. (2001) Human breath isoprene and its relation to blood cholesterol levels: new measurements and modeling. J Appl Physiol 91, 762–770
    1. Stone BG, Besse TJ, Duane WC, et al. (1993) Effect of regulating cholesterol biosynthesis on breath isoprene excretion in men. Lipids 28, 705–708
    1. Jones AW, Lagesson V & Tagesson C (1995) Origins of breath isoprene. J Clin Pathol 48, 979–980
    1. Davies S, Španěl P & Smith D (2001) A new ‘online’ method to measure increased exhaled isoprene in end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16, 836–839
    1. Taucher J, Hansel A, Jordan A, et al. (1997) Detection of isoprene in expired air from human subjects using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 11, 1230–1234
    1. Dryahina K, Smith D & Španěl P (2010) Quantification of methane in humid air and exhaled breath using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 24, 1296–1304
    1. Rumessen JJ (1992) Hydrogen and methane breath tests for evaluation of resistant carbohydrates. Eur J Clin Nutr 46, S77–S90
    1. Rumessen JJ, Nordgaardandersen I & Gudmandhoyer E (1994) Carbohydrate malabsorption – quantification by methane and hydrogen breath tests. Scand J Gastroenterol 29, 826–832
    1. Sahakian AB, Jee SR & Pimentel M (2010) Methane and the gastrointestinal tract. Dig Dis Sci 55, 2135–2143
    1. Miller TL, Wolin MJ, Demacario EC, et al. (1982) Isolation of Methanobrevibacter smithii from human feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 43, 227–232
    1. Marinov D, Rey JM, Mueller MG, et al. (2007) Spectroscopic investigation of methylated amines by a cavity-ringdown-based spectrometer. Appl Opt 46, 3981–3986
    1. Novak BJ, Blake DR, Meinardi S, et al. (2007) Exhaled methyl nitrate as a noninvasive marker of hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104, 15613–15618
    1. Paredi P, Ward S, Cramer D, et al. (2007) Normal bronchial blood flow in COPD is unaffected by inhaled corticosteroids and correlates with exhaled nitric oxide. Chest 131, 1075–1081
    1. Paredi P, Kharitonov SA & Barnes PJ (2001) Direct methods for the measurement of nitric oxide. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 56, 88–90
    1. American Thoracic Society Workshop (2006) ATS workshop proceedings: exhaled nitric oxide and nitric oxide oxidative metabolism in exhaled breath condensate: executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173, 811–813
    1. Lundberg JON, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JM, et al. (1996) Nitric oxide in exhaled air. Eur Respir J 9, 2671–2680
    1. Lundberg J (1996) Airborne nitric oxide: inflammatory marker and aerocrine messenger in man. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 157, 1–27
    1. Hibbs JB (1991) Synthesis of nitric oxide from l-arginine: a recently discovered pathway induced by cytokines with antitumor and antimicrobial activity. Res Immunol 142, 565–569
    1. Hibbs JB, Westenfelder C, Taintor R, et al. (1992) Evidence for cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthesis from l-arginine in patients receiving interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Invest 89, 867–877
    1. Silkoff PE, McClean PA, Slutsky AS, et al. (1997) Marked flow-dependence of exhaled nitric oxide using a new technique to exclude nasal nitric oxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155, 260–267
    1. Cobos Barroso N, Perez-Yarza EG, Sardon Prado O, et al. (2008) Exhaled nitric oxide in children: a noninvasive marker of airway inflammation (article in Spanish). Arch Bronconeumol 44, 41–51
    1. Olopade CO, Zakkar M, Swedler WI, et al. (1997) Exhaled pentane levels in acute asthma. Chest 111, 862–865
    1. Lewis GD, Laufman AK, Mcanalley BH, et al. (1984) Metabolism of acetone to isopropyl alcohol in rats and humans. J Forensic Sci 29, 541–549
    1. Warneke C, Kuczynski J, Hansel A, et al. (1996) Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS): propanol in human breath. Int J Mass Spectrom 154, 61–70

Source: PubMed

赞助者和合作者

医疗条件

药物干预

3
订阅