Metabolic syndrome, not menopause, is a risk factor for hypertension in peri-menopausal women

Gyu Chul Oh, Kee Soo Kang, Chan Soon Park, Ho Kyung Sung, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Hyeon Chang Kim, Sungha Park, Sang Hyun Ihm, Hae-Young Lee, Gyu Chul Oh, Kee Soo Kang, Chan Soon Park, Ho Kyung Sung, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Hyeon Chang Kim, Sungha Park, Sang Hyun Ihm, Hae-Young Lee

Abstract

Background: It has been long debated whether menopause itself is a risk factor for hypertension in peri-menopausal women. We aimed to assess the association between menopause and hypertension, and whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) has an influence on its effect.

Methods: Data for 1502 women aged 42 to 53 from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) database were retrospectively analyzed. The KoGES database consists of 10,038 participants, of which 52.6% (5275) were female. Subjects were followed up for 4 years, and compared according to menopausal status. Additionally, 1216 non-hypertensive subjects were separately analyzed to assess whether a change in menopausal status was associated with development of hypertension.

Results: The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and MetS for menopausal and non-menopausal subjects at baseline was 24.4% vs. 16.7%, 5.8% vs. 2.9%, and 25.4% vs. 16.6%, respectively (p < 0.01 for all comparisons). Among non-hypertensive subjects at baseline, prevalence of hypertension at 4-year follow-up was 9.4%, 19.7%, and 13.1% for non-menopausal, those who became menopause during follow-up, and those who were menopause at baseline, respectively. Development of hypertension was positively correlated with MetS (HR 3.90, 95% CI 2.51-6.07) and increased BMI (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.03-1.16), while association with menopause was not significant.

Conclusions: Menopause is closely associated with increased incidence of hypertension, but the increase may not be attributable to menopause itself but to increased prevalence of MetS.

Keywords: Hypertension; Menopause; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity.

Conflict of interest statement

The institutional review board of Seoul National University Hospital has approved the current study (IRB No. 1607–102-776).Not applicable.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study Design
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Prevalence of (a) hypertension, (b) diabetes mellitus, and (c) metabolic syndrome at baseline. HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; MetS, metabolic syndrome
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Prevalence of (a) hypertension, (b) diabetes mellitus, and (c) metabolic syndrome at 4-year follow-up. HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; MetS, metabolic syndrome
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Change in prevalence of (a) hypertension, (b) diabetes mellitus, and (c) metabolic syndrome at 4-year follow-up in initially non-hypertensive patients. HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; MetS, metabolic syndrome

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Source: PubMed

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