Current status of diagnosis and treatment of hepatic echinococcosis

Memmet Mihmanli, Ufuk Oguz Idiz, Cemal Kaya, Uygar Demir, Ozgur Bostanci, Sinan Omeroglu, Emre Bozkurt, Memmet Mihmanli, Ufuk Oguz Idiz, Cemal Kaya, Uygar Demir, Ozgur Bostanci, Sinan Omeroglu, Emre Bozkurt

Abstract

Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) and Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) infections are the most common parasitic diseases that affect the liver. The disease course is typically slow and the patients tend to remain asymptomatic for many years. Often the diagnosis is incidental. Right upper quadrant abdominal pain, hepatitis, cholangitis, and anaphylaxis due to dissemination of the cyst are the main presenting symptoms. Ultrasonography is important in diagnosis. The World Health Organization classification, based on ultrasonographic findings, is used for staging of the disease and treatment selection. In addition to the imaging methods, immunological investigations are used to support the diagnosis. The available treatment options for E. granulosus infection include open surgery, percutaneous interventions, and pharmacotherapy. Aggressive surgery is the first-choice treatment for E. multilocularis infection, while pharmacotherapy is used as an adjunct to surgery. Due to a paucity of clinical studies, empirical evidence on the treatment of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis infections is largely lacking; there are no prominent and widely accepted clinical algorithms yet. In this article, we review the diagnosis and treatment of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis infections in the light of recent evidence.

Keywords: Albendazole; Echinococcus granulosus; Echinococcus multilocularis; Liver; Ultrasonography.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interests for this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Daughter vesicules of Echinococcus granulosus.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Life circle of Echinococcus granulosus.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Treatment algoritm for Echinococcus granulosus infection. PAIR: Puncture, aspiration, injection of a scolecidal agent, and reaspiration.
Figure 4
Figure 4
An example of pericyctectomy material.
Figure 5
Figure 5
An example of concervative surgery.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Life circle of Echinococcus multilocularis.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Treatment algoritm for Echinococcus multilocularis infection.

References

    1. Li H, Song T, Shao Y, Aili T, Ahan A, Wen H. Comparative Evaluation of Liposomal Albendazole and Tablet-Albendazole Against Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis: A Non-Randomized Clinical Trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e2237.
    1. Zhang W, McManus DP. Recent advances in the immunology and diagnosis of echinococcosis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2006;47:24–41.
    1. Pawlowski ZS, Eckert DA, Vuitton DA, Ammann RW, Kern P, Craig PS, Dar K. Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin F-X, Pawlowski ZS. WHO/OIE manual on echinococcosis in humans and animals: a public health problem of global concern. Paris, World Organisation for Animal Health; 2001. F, De Rosa F, Filice C, Gottstein B, Grimm F, Macpherson C.N.L, Sato N, Todorov T, Uchino J, von Sinner W, Wen H. Echinococcosis in humans: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment; pp. 20–72.
    1. Eckert J, Deplazes P. Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:107–135.
    1. Dziri C, Haouet K, Fingerhut A. Treatment of hydatid cyst of the liver: where is the evidence? World J Surg. 2004;28:731–736.
    1. Belhassen-García M, Romero-Alegria A, Velasco-Tirado V, Alonso-Sardón M, Lopez-Bernus A, Alvela-Suarez L, del Villar LP, Carpio-Perez A, Galindo-Perez I, Cordero-Sanchez M, et al. Study of hydatidosis-attributed mortality in endemic area. PLoS One. 2014;9:e91342.
    1. Junghanss T, da Silva AM, Horton J, Chiodini PL, Brunetti E. Clinical management of cystic echinococcosis: state of the art, problems, and perspectives. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79:301–311.
    1. Manzano-Román R, Sánchez-Ovejero C, Hernández-González A, Casulli A, Siles-Lucas M. Serological Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Human Cystic Echinococcosis: A New Hope for the Future? Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:428205.
    1. Liu W, Delabrousse É, Blagosklonov O, Wang J, Zeng H, Jiang Y, Wang J, Qin Y, Vuitton DA, Wen H. Innovation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis imaging: best use of old tools, and necessary evaluation of new ones. Parasite. 2014;21:74.
    1. Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop. 2010;114:1–16.
    1. McManus DP, Gray DJ, Zhang W, Yang Y. Diagnosis, treatment, and management of echinococcosis. BMJ. 2012;344:e3866.
    1. Torgerson PR, Keller K, Magnotta M, Ragland N. The global burden of alveolar echinococcosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4:e722.
    1. Nunnari G, Pinzone MR, Gruttadauria S, Celesia BM, Madeddu G, Malaguarnera G, Pavone P, Cappellani A, Cacopardo B. Hepatic echinococcosis: clinical and therapeutic aspects. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:1448–1458.
    1. Rinaldi F, Brunetti E, Neumayr A, Maestri M, Goblirsch S, Tamarozzi F. Cystic echinococcosis of the liver: A primer for hepatologists. World J Hepatol. 2014;6:293–305.
    1. Eckert JGM, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS, editors . WHOI/OIE manual on echinococcosis in humans and animals: a public health problem of global concern. Paris: World Health Organization for Animal Health; 2001.
    1. Thompson RC, McManus DP. Aetiology: parasites and lifecycles. In: Eckert J, Gemmell M, Meslin FX, Pawlowski Z, editors. WHOI/OIE manual on echinococcosis in humans and animals: a public health problem of global concern. Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health; 2001. pp. 1–19.
    1. Thompson RC. Biology and systematics of Echinococcus. The biology of Echinococcus and hydatid disease. In: Thompson RCA, Lymbery AJ, editors. Wallingford: CAB International; 1995. pp. 1–50.
    1. Moro P, Schantz PM. Echinococcosis: a review. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13:125–133.
    1. Atli M, Kama NA, Yuksek YN, Doganay M, Gozalan U, Kologlu M, Daglar G. Intrabiliary rupture of a hepatic hydatid cyst: associated clinical factors and proper management. Arch Surg. 2001;136:1249–1255.
    1. Pedrosa I, Saíz A, Arrazola J, Ferreirós J, Pedrosa CS. Hydatid disease: radiologic and pathologic features and complications. Radiographics. 2000;20:795–817.
    1. Cattaneo F, Graffeo M, Brunetti E. Extrahepatic textiloma long misdiagnosed as calcified echinococcal cyst. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2013;2013:261685.
    1. Polat P, Kantarci M, Alper F, Suma S, Koruyucu MB, Okur A. Hydatid disease from head to toe. Radiographics. 2003;23:475–494; quiz 536-537.
    1. Cohen H, Paolillo E, Bonifacino R, Botta B, Parada L, Cabrera P, Snowden K, Gasser R, Tessier R, Dibarboure L, et al. Human cystic echinococcosis in a Uruguayan community: a sonographic, serologic, and epidemiologic study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;59:620–627.
    1. Shambesh MA, Craig PS, Macpherson CN, Rogan MT, Gusbi AM, Echtuish EF. An extensive ultrasound and serologic study to investigate the prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis in northern Libya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60:462–468.
    1. Gharbi HA, Hassine W, Brauner MW, Dupuch K. Ultrasound examination of the hydatic liver. Radiology. 1981;139:459–463.
    1. WHO Informal Working Group. International classification of ultrasound images in cystic echinococcosis for application in clinical and field epidemiological settings. Acta Trop. 2003;85:253–261.
    1. Grisolia A, Troìa G, Mariani G, Brunetti E, Filice C. A simple sonographic scoring system combined with routine serology is useful in differentiating parasitic from non-parasitic cysts of the liver. J Ultrasound. 2009;12:75–79.
    1. Hosch W, Junghanss T, Stojkovic M, Brunetti E, Heye T, Kauffmann GW, Hull WE. Metabolic viability assessment of cystic echinococcosis using high-field 1H MRS of cyst contents. NMR Biomed. 2008;21:734–754.
    1. Kabaalioğlu A, Ceken K, Alimoglu E, Apaydin A. Percutaneous imaging-guided treatment of hydatid liver cysts: do long-term results make it a first choice? Eur J Radiol. 2006;59:65–73.
    1. Brunetti E, White AC. Cestode infestations: hydatid disease and cysticercosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2012;26:421–435.
    1. Stojkovic M, Rosenberger K, Kauczor HU, Junghanss T, Hosch W. Diagnosing and staging of cystic echinococcosis: how do CT and MRI perform in comparison to ultrasound? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1880.
    1. Hosch W, Stojkovic M, Jänisch T, Heye T, Werner J, Friess H, Kauffmann GW, Junghanss T. MR imaging for diagnosing cysto-biliary fistulas in cystic echinococcosis. Eur J Radiol. 2008;66:262–267.
    1. Filippou D, Tselepis D, Filippou G, Papadopoulos V. Advances in liver echinococcosis: diagnosis and treatment. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:152–159.
    1. Gottstein B. Molecular and immunological diagnosis of echinococcosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1992;5:248–261.
    1. Ito A. Serologic and molecular diagnosis of zoonotic larval cestode infections. Parasitol Int. 2002;51:221–235.
    1. Craig PS, Rogan MT, Campos-Ponce M. Echinococcosis: disease, detection and transmission. Parasitology. 2003;127 Suppl:S5–S20.
    1. Ortona E, Siracusano A, Castro A, Rigano R, Mühlschlegel F, Ioppolo S, Notargiacomo S, Frosch M. Use of a monoclonal antibody against the antigen B of Echinococcus granulosus for purification and detection of antigen B. Appl Parasitol. 1995;36:220–225.
    1. Lorenzo C, Ferreira HB, Monteiro KM, Rosenzvit M, Kamenetzky L, García HH, Vasquez Y, Naquira C, Sánchez E, Lorca M, et al. Comparative analysis of the diagnostic performance of six major Echinococcus granulosus antigens assessed in a double-blind, randomized multicenter study. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:2764–2770.
    1. Ortona E, Riganò R, Buttari B, Delunardo F, Ioppolo S, Margutti P, Profumo E, Teggi A, Vaccari S, Siracusano A. An update on immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. Acta Trop. 2003;85:165–171.
    1. Ito A, Craig PS. Immunodiagnostic and molecular approaches for the detection of taeniid cestode infections. Trends Parasitol. 2003;19:377–381.
    1. Zhang W, Li J, McManus DP. Concepts in immunology and diagnosis of hydatid disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16:18–36.
    1. Ortona E, Riganò R, Margutti P, Notargiacomo S, Ioppolo S, Vaccari S, Barca S, Buttari B, Profumo E, Teggi A, et al. Native and recombinant antigens in the immunodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol. 2000;22:553–559.
    1. Liu D, Rickard MD, Lightowlers MW. Assessment of monoclonal antibodies to Echinococcus granulosus antigen 5 and antigen B for detection of human hydatid circulating antigens. Parasitology. 1993;106(Pt 1):75–81.
    1. Carmena D, Benito A, Eraso E. Antigens for the immunodiagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection: An update. Acta Trop. 2006;98:74–86.
    1. Poretti D, Felleisen E, Grimm F, Pfister M, Teuscher F, Zuercher C, Reichen J, Gottstein B. Differential immunodiagnosis between cystic hydatid disease and other cross-reactive pathologies. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60:193–198.
    1. Moro PL, Gilman RH, Verastegui M, Bern C, Silva B, Bonilla JJ. Human hydatidosis in the central Andes of Peru: evolution of the disease over 3 years. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:807–812.
    1. Cirenei A, Bertoldi I. Evolution of surgery for liver hydatidosis from 1950 to today: analysis of a personal experience. World J Surg. 2001;25:87–92.
    1. Perdomo R, Alvarez C, Monti J, Ferreira C, Chiesa A, Carbó A, Alvez R, Grauert R, Stern D, Carmona C, et al. Principles of the surgical approach in human liver cystic echinococcosis. Acta Trop. 1997;64:109–122.
    1. Brunetti E, Junghanss T. Update on cystic hydatid disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009;22:497–502.
    1. Neumayr A, Troia G, de Bernardis C, Tamarozzi F, Goblirsch S, Piccoli L, Hatz C, Filice C, Brunetti E. Justified concern or exaggerated fear: the risk of anaphylaxis in percutaneous treatment of cystic echinococcosis-a systematic literature review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1154.
    1. von Sinner WN, Nyman R, Linjawi T, Ali AM. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of hydatid cysts. Acta Radiol. 1995;36:168–172.
    1. Hira PR, Shweiki H, Lindberg LG, Shaheen Y, Francis I, Leven H, Behbehani K. Diagnosis of cystic hydatid disease: role of aspiration cytology. Lancet. 1988;2:655–657.
    1. Guidelines for treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. WHO Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis. Bull World Health Organ. 1996;74:231–242.
    1. Senyüz OF, Yeşildag E, Celayir S. Albendazole therapy in the treatment of hydatid liver disease. Surg Today. 2001;31:487–491.
    1. Nahmias J, Goldsmith R, Soibelman M, el-On J. Three- to 7-year follow-up after albendazole treatment of 68 patients with cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease) Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1994;88:295–304.
    1. Vutova K, Mechkov G, Vachkov P, Petkov R, Georgiev P, Handjiev S, Ivanov A, Todorov T. Effect of mebendazole on human cystic echinococcosis: the role of dosage and treatment duration. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1999;93:357–365.
    1. Stojkovic M, Zwahlen M, Teggi A, Vutova K, Cretu CM, Virdone R, Nicolaidou P, Cobanoglu N, Junghanss T. Treatment response of cystic echinococcosis to benzimidazoles: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3:e524.
    1. Teggi A, Lastilla MG, De Rosa F. Therapy of human hydatid disease with mebendazole and albendazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:1679–1684.
    1. Erzurumlu K, Hökelek M, Gönlüsen L, Tas K, Amanvermez R. The effect of albendazole on the prevention of secondary hydatidosis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2000;47:247–250.
    1. Aktan AO, Yalin R. Preoperative albendazole treatment for liver hydatid disease decreases the viability of the cyst. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996;8:877–879.
    1. Arif SH, Shams-Ul-Bari NA, Zargar SA, Wani MA, Tabassum R, Hussain Z, Baba AA, Lone RA. Albendazole as an adjuvant to the standard surgical management of hydatid cyst liver. Int J Surg. 2008;6:448–451.
    1. Manterola C, Mansilla JA, Fonseca F. Preoperative albendazole and scolices viability in patients with hepatic echinococcosis. World J Surg. 2005;29:750–753.
    1. Gil-Grande LA, Rodriguez-Caabeiro F, Prieto JG, Sánchez-Ruano JJ, Brasa C, Aguilar L, García-Hoz F, Casado N, Bárcena R, Alvarez AI. Randomised controlled trial of efficacy of albendazole in intra-abdominal hydatid disease. Lancet. 1993;342:1269–1272.
    1. Bildik N, Cevik A, Altintaş M, Ekinci H, Canberk M, Gülmen M. Efficacy of preoperative albendazole use according to months in hydatid cyst of the liver. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;41:312–316.
    1. Franchi C, Di Vico B, Teggi A. Long-term evaluation of patients with hydatidosis treated with benzimidazole carbamates. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:304–309.
    1. Cobo F, Yarnoz C, Sesma B, Fraile P, Aizcorbe M, Trujillo R, Diaz-de-Liaño A, Ciga MA. Albendazole plus praziquantel versus albendazole alone as a pre-operative treatment in intra-abdominal hydatisosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Trop Med Int Health. 1998;3:462–466.
    1. Filice C, Pirola F, Brunetti E, Dughetti S, Strosselli M, Foglieni CS. A new therapeutic approach for hydatid liver cysts. Aspiration and alcohol injection under sonographic guidance. Gastroenterology. 1990;98:1366–1368.
    1. Ben Amor N, Gargouri M, Gharbi HA, Golvan YJ, Ayachi K, Kchouck H. [Trial therapy of inoperable abdominal hydatid cysts by puncture] Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. 1986;61:689–692.
    1. Mueller PR, Dawson SL, Ferrucci JT, Nardi GL. Hepatic echinococcal cyst: successful percutaneous drainage. Radiology. 1985;155:627–628.
    1. Gargouri M, Ben Amor N, Ben Chehida F, Hammou A, Gharbi HA, Ben Cheikh M, Kchouk H, Ayachi K, Golvan JY. Percutaneous treatment of hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus) Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1990;13:169–173.
    1. World Health Organization. PAIR: Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Re- Aspiration. An option for the treatment of Cystic echinococcosis. WHO/CDS/CSR/APH/2001.6 Geneva, 2003: 1-4.
    1. Nasseri Moghaddam S, Abrishami A, Malekzadeh R. Percutaneous needle aspiration, injection, and reaspiration with or without benzimidazole coverage for uncomplicated hepatic hydatid cysts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;2:CD003623.
    1. Akhan O, Gumus B, Akinci D, Karcaaltincaba M, Ozmen M. Diagnosis and percutaneous treatment of soft-tissue hydatid cysts. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007;30:419–425.
    1. Schipper HG, Laméris JS, van Delden OM, Rauws EA, Kager PA. Percutaneous evacuation (PEVAC) of multivesicular echinococcal cysts with or without cystobiliary fistulas which contain non-drainable material: first results of a modified PAIR method. Gut. 2002;50:718–723.
    1. Vuitton DA, Wang XZ, Feng SL, Chen JS, Shou LY, Li SF, Ke TQ. PAIR-derived US-guided techniques for the treatment of cystic echinococcosis: a Chinese experience (e-letter) Gut. 2002
    1. Brunetti E, Garcia HH, Junghanss T. Cystic echinococcosis: chronic, complex, and still neglected. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1146.
    1. Ustünsöz B, Akhan O, Kamiloğlu MA, Somuncu I, Uğurel MS, Cetiner S. Percutaneous treatment of hydatid cysts of the liver: long-term results. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;172:91–96.
    1. Giorgio A, de Stefano G, Esposito V, Liorre G, Di Sarno A, Giorgio V, Sangiovanni V, Iannece MD, Mariniello N. Long-term results of percutaneous treatment of hydatid liver cysts: a single center 17 years experience. Infection. 2008;36:256–261.
    1. Salama H, Farid Abdel-Wahab M, Strickland GT. Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic hydatid cysts with the aid of echo-guided percutaneous cyst puncture. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:1372–1376.
    1. Filice C, Brunetti E. Use of PAIR in human cystic echinococcosis. Acta Trop. 1997;64:95–107.
    1. Men S, Hekimoğlu B, Yücesoy C, Arda IS, Baran I. Percutaneous treatment of hepatic hydatid cysts: an alternative to surgery. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;172:83–89.
    1. Castellano G, Moreno-Sanchez D, Gutierrez J, Moreno-Gonzalez E, Colina F, Solis-Herruzo JA. Caustic sclerosing cholangitis. Report of four cases and a cumulative review of the literature. Hepatogastroenterology. 1994;41:458–470.
    1. Belghiti J, Benhamou JP, Houry S, Grenier P, Huguier M, Fékété F. Caustic sclerosing cholangitis. A complication of the surgical treatment of hydatid disease of the liver. Arch Surg. 1986;121:1162–1165.
    1. Taranto D, Beneduce F, Vitale LM, Loguercio C, Del Vecchio Blanco C. Chemical sclerosing cholangitis after injection of scolicidal solution. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1995;27:78–79.
    1. Paksoy Y, Odev K, Sahin M, Dik B, Ergül R, Arslan A. Percutaneous sonographically guided treatment of hydatid cysts in sheep: direct injection of mebendazole and albendazole. J Ultrasound Med. 2003;22:797–803.
    1. Khuroo MS, Wani NA, Javid G, Khan BA, Yattoo GN, Shah AH, Jeelani SG. Percutaneous drainage compared with surgery for hepatic hydatid cysts. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:881–887.
    1. Gupta N, Javed A, Puri S, Jain S, Singh S, Agarwal AK. Hepatic hydatid: PAIR, drain or resect? J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;15:1829–1836.
    1. Dervenis C, Delis S, Avgerinos C, Madariaga J, Milicevic M. Changing concepts in the management of liver hydatid disease. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9:869–877.
    1. Gollackner B, Längle F, Auer H, Maier A, Mittlböck M, Agstner I, Karner J, Langer F, Aspöck H, Loidolt H, et al. Radical surgical therapy of abdominal cystic hydatid disease: factors of recurrence. World J Surg. 2000;24:717–721.
    1. El Malki HO, El Mejdoubi Y, Souadka A, Mohsine R, Ifrine L, Abouqal R, Belkouchi A. Predictive factors of deep abdominal complications after operation for hydatid cyst of the liver: 15 years of experience with 672 patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206:629–637.
    1. Buttenschoen K, Carli Buttenschoen D. Echinococcus granulosus infection: the challenge of surgical treatment. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2003;388:218–230.
    1. Daradkeh S, El-Muhtaseb H, Farah G, Sroujieh AS, Abu-Khalaf M. Predictors of morbidity and mortality in the surgical management of hydatid cyst of the liver. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2007;392:35–39.
    1. Aydin U, Yazici P, Onen Z, Ozsoy M, Zeytunlu M, Kiliç M, Coker A. The optimal treatment of hydatid cyst of the liver: radical surgery with a significant reduced risk of recurrence. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2008;19:33–39.
    1. Yüksel O, Akyürek N, Sahin T, Salman B, Azili C, Bostanci H. Efficacy of radical surgery in preventing early local recurrence and cavity-related complications in hydatic liver disease. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12:483–489.
    1. Tagliacozzo S, Miccini M, Amore Bonapasta S, Gregori M, Tocchi A. Surgical treatment of hydatid disease of the liver: 25 years of experience. Am J Surg. 2011;201:797–804.
    1. Kapan M, Kapan S, Goksoy E, Perek S, Kol E. Postoperative recurrence in hepatic hydatid disease. J Gastrointest Surg. 2006;10:734–739.
    1. Lissandrin R, Agliata S, Brunetti E. Secondary peritoneal echinococcosis causing massive bilateral hydronephrosis and renal failure. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17:e141–e142.
    1. Kumar R, Reddy SN, Thulkar S. Intrabiliary rupture of hydatid cyst: diagnosis with MRI and hepatobiliary isotope study. Br J Radiol. 2002;75:271–274.
    1. Kilic M, Yoldas O, Koc M, Keskek M, Karakose N, Ertan T, Gocmen E, Tez M. Can biliary-cyst communication be predicted before surgery for hepatic hydatid disease: does size matter? Am J Surg. 2008;196:732–735.
    1. Galati G, Sterpetti AV, Caputo M, Adduci M, Lucandri G, Brozzetti S, Bolognese A, Cavallaro A. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for intrabiliary rupture of hydatid cyst. Am J Surg. 2006;191:206–210.
    1. Bedirli A, Sakrak O, Sozuer EM, Kerek M, Ince O. Surgical management of spontaneous intrabiliary rupture of hydatid liver cysts. Surg Today. 2002;32:594–597.
    1. Erzurumlu K, Dervisoglu A, Polat C, Senyurek G, Yetim I, Hokelek M. Intrabiliary rupture: an algorithm in the treatment of controversial complication of hepatic hydatidosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:2472–2476.
    1. Agarwal S, Sikora SS, Kumar A, Saxena R, Kapoor VK. Bile leaks following surgery for hepatic hydatid disease. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2005;24:55–58.
    1. Chowbey PK, Shah S, Khullar R, Sharma A, Soni V, Baijal M, Vashistha A, Dhir A. Minimal access surgery for hydatid cyst disease: laparoscopic, thoracoscopic, and retroperitoneoscopic approach. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2003;13:159–165.
    1. Paksoy Y, Odev K, Sahin M, Arslan A, Koç O. Percutaneous treatment of liver hydatid cysts: comparison of direct injection of albendazole and hypertonic saline solution. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185:727–734.
    1. Dziri C, Haouet K, Fingerhut A, Zaouche A. Management of cystic echinococcosis complications and dissemination: where is the evidence? World J Surg. 2009;33:1266–1273.
    1. Mahmoudvand H, Fasihi Harandi M, Shakibaie M, Aflatoonian MR, ZiaAli N, Makki MS, Jahanbakhsh S. Scolicidal effects of biogenic selenium nanoparticles against protoscolices of hydatid cysts. Int J Surg. 2014;12:399–403.
    1. Taylor DH, Morris DL. Combination chemotherapy is more effective in postspillage prophylaxis for hydatid disease than either albendazole or praziquantel alone. Br J Surg. 1989;76:954.
    1. Balik AA, Başoğlu M, Celebi F, Oren D, Polat KY, Atamanalp SS, Akçay MN. Surgical treatment of hydatid disease of the liver: review of 304 cases. Arch Surg. 1999;134:166–169.
    1. Utkan NZ, Cantürk NZ, Gönüllü N, Yildirir C, Dülger M. Surgical experience of hydatid disease of the liver: omentoplasty or capitonnage versus tube drainage. Hepatogastroenterology. 2001;48:203–207.
    1. Katkhouda N, Fabiani P, Benizri E, Mouiel J. Laser resection of a liver hydatid cyst under videolaparoscopy. Br J Surg. 1992;79:560–561.
    1. Bickel A, Daud G, Urbach D, Lefler E, Barasch EF, Eitan A. Laparoscopic approach to hydatid liver cysts. Is it logical? Physical, experimental, and practical aspects. Surg Endosc. 1998;12:1073–1077.
    1. Baskaran V, Patnaik PK. Feasibility and safety of laparoscopic management of hydatid disease of the liver. JSLS. 2004;8:359–363.
    1. Seven R, Berber E, Mercan S, Eminoglu L, Budak D. Laparoscopic treatment of hepatic hydatid cysts. Surgery. 2000;128:36–40.
    1. Eckert J. Alveolar echinococcosis (Echinococcus multilocularis) and other forms of echinococcosis (Echinococcus oligarthrus and Echinococcus vogeli) In: Palmer SR, Soulsby EJL, Simpson DIH, editors. Oxford Textbook of Zoonoses: Biology, Clinical Practice, and Public Health Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998. pp. 689–716.
    1. Sato N, Aoki S, Matsushita M, Uchino J. Clinical features. In: Uchino J, Sato N, editors. Alveolar echinococcosis of the liver. Sapporo: Hokkaido University School of Medicine; 1993. pp. 63–68.
    1. Ammann RW, Eckert J. Cestodes. Echinococcus. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1996;25:655–689.
    1. Torgerson PR, Schweiger A, Deplazes P, Pohar M, Reichen J, Ammann RW, Tarr PE, Halkik N, Müllhaupt B. Alveolar echinococcosis: from a deadly disease to a well-controlled infection. Relative survival and economic analysis in Switzerland over the last 35 years. J Hepatol. 2008;49:72–77.
    1. McManus DP, Zhang W, Li J, Bartley PB. Echinococcosis. Lancet. 2003;362:1295–1304.
    1. Bresson-Hadni S, Delabrousse E, Blagosklonov O, Bartholomot B, Koch S, Miguet JP, Mantion GA, Vuitton DA. Imaging aspects and non-surgical interventional treatment in human alveolar echinococcosis. Parasitol Int. 2006;55 Suppl:S267–S272.
    1. Bartholomot G, Vuitton DA, Harraga S, Shi DZ, Giraudoux P, Barnish G, Wang YH, MacPherson CN, Craig PS. Combined ultrasound and serologic screening for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in central China. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;66:23–29.
    1. Reuter S, Nüssle K, Kolokythas O, Haug U, Rieber A, Kern P, Kratzer W. Alveolar liver echinococcosis: a comparative study of three imaging techniques. Infection. 2001;29:119–125.
    1. Stumpe KD, Renner-Schneiter EC, Kuenzle AK, Grimm F, Kadry Z, Clavien PA, Deplazes P, von Schulthess GK, Muellhaupt B, Ammann RW, et al. F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron-emission tomography of Echinococcus multilocularis liver lesions: prospective evaluation of its value for diagnosis and follow-up during benzimidazole therapy. Infection. 2007;35:11–18.
    1. Kern P, Wen H, Sato N, Vuitton DA, Gruener B, Shao Y, Delabrousse E, Kratzer W, Bresson-Hadni S. WHO classification of alveolar echinococcosis: principles and application. Parasitol Int. 2006;55 Suppl:S283–S287.
    1. Ma L, Ito A, Liu YH, Wang XG, Yao YQ, Yu DG, Chen YT. Alveolar echinococcosis: Em2plus-ELISA and Em18-western blots for follow-up after treatment with albendazole. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997;91:476–478.
    1. Scheuring UJ, Seitz HM, Wellmann A, Hartlapp JH, Tappe D, Brehm K, Spengler U, Sauerbruch T, Rockstroh JK. Long-term benzimidazole treatment of alveolar echinococcosis with hematogenic subcutaneous and bone dissemination. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2003;192:193–195.
    1. Gottstein B, Jacquier P, Bresson-Hadni S, Eckert J. Improved primary immunodiagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis in humans by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the Em2plus antigen. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:373–376.
    1. Ito A, Schantz PM, Wilson JF. Em18, a new serodiagnostic marker for differentiation of active and inactive cases of alveolar hydatid disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;52:41–44.
    1. Wen H, Bresson-Hadni S, Vuitton DA, Lenys D, Yang BM, Ding ZX, Craig PS. Analysis of immunoglobulin G subclass in the serum antibody responses of alveolar echinococcosis patients after surgical treatment and chemotherapy as an aid to assessing the outcome. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995;89:692–697.
    1. Wen H, Craig PS, Ito A, Vuitton DA, Bresson-Hadni S, Allan JC, Rogan MT, Paollilo E, Shambesh M. Immunoblot evaluation of IgG and IgG-subclass antibody responses for immunodiagnosis of human alveolar echinococcosis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1995;89:485–495.
    1. Dreweck CM, Lüder CG, Soboslay PT, Kern P. Subclass-specific serological reactivity and IgG4-specific antigen recognition in human echinococcosis. Trop Med Int Health. 1997;2:779–787.
    1. Wen H, Craig PS. Immunoglobulin G subclass responses in human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;51:741–748.
    1. Ben Nouir N, Gianinazzi C, Gorcii M, Müller N, Nouri A, Babba H, Gottstein B. Isolation and molecular characterization of recombinant Echinococcus granulosus P29 protein (recP29) and its assessment for the post-surgical serological follow-up of human cystic echinococcosis in young patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103:355–364.
    1. Ben Nouir N, Nuñez S, Gianinazzi C, Gorcii M, Müller N, Nouri A, Babba H, Gottstein B. Assessment of Echinococcus granulosus somatic protoscolex antigens for serological follow-up of young patients surgically treated for cystic echinococcosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:1631–1640.
    1. Buttenschoen K, Carli Buttenschoen D, Gruener B, Kern P, Beger HG, Henne-Bruns D, Reuter S. Long-term experience on surgical treatment of alveolar echinococcosis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2009;394:689–698.
    1. Kadry Z, Renner EC, Bachmann LM, Attigah N, Renner EL, Ammann RW, Clavien PA. Evaluation of treatment and long-term follow-up in patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Br J Surg. 2005;92:1110–1116.
    1. Reuter S, Jensen B, Buttenschoen K, Kratzer W, Kern P. Benzimidazoles in the treatment of alveolar echinococcosis: a comparative study and review of the literature. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;46:451–456.
    1. Reuter S, Buck A, Grebe O, Nüssle-Kügele K, Kern P, Manfras BJ. Salvage treatment with amphotericin B in progressive human alveolar echinococcosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:3586–3591.
    1. Stettler M, Fink R, Walker M, Gottstein B, Geary TG, Rossignol JF, Hemphill A. In vitro parasiticidal effect of Nitazoxanide against Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:467–474.
    1. Kern P, Abboud P, Kern W, Stich A, Bresson-Hadni S, Guerin B, Buttenschoen K, Gruener B, Reuter S, Hemphill A. Critical appraisal of nitazoxanide for the treatment of alveolar echinococcosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79:119.
    1. Ammann RW, Hirsbrunner R, Cotting J, Steiger U, Jacquier P, Eckert J. Recurrence rate after discontinuation of long-term mebendazole therapy in alveolar echinococcosis (preliminary results) Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990;43:506–515.
    1. Wilson JF, Rausch RL, McMahon BJ, Schantz PM. Parasiticidal effect of chemotherapy in alveolar hydatid disease: review of experience with mebendazole and albendazole in Alaskan Eskimos. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15:234–249.
    1. Ammann RW, Fleiner-Hoffmann A, Grimm F, Eckert J. Long-term mebendazole therapy may be parasitocidal in alveolar echinococcosis. J Hepatol. 1998;29:994–998.
    1. Ishizu H, Uchino J, Sato N, Aoki S, Suzuki K, Kuribayashi H. Effect of albendazole on recurrent and residual alveolar echinococcosis of the liver after surgery. Hepatology. 1997;25:528–531.
    1. Ammann RW, Ilitsch N, Marincek B, Freiburghaus AU. Effect of chemotherapy on the larval mass and the long-term course of alveolar echinococcosis. Swiss Echinococcosis Study Group. Hepatology. 1994;19:735–742.
    1. Krige J, Bornman J. C, Belghiti J. Hydatid disease of the liver. In: Belghiti J, Büchler MW, Chapman WC, D'Angelica MI, DeMatteo RP, et al., editors. Blumgart's Surgery of the Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas. Philadelphia: Elsevier Sounders; 2012. p. 1050.

Source: PubMed

赞助者和合作者

医疗条件

药物干预

3
订阅