A survey of hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in health screening camps of rural central Punjab, Pakistan

Salman T Shafi, Tahir Shafi, Salman T Shafi, Tahir Shafi

Abstract

Hypertension is a global public health problem with increasing prevalence. There is limited updated information on the prevalence of hypertension in the Pakistani population. This is a cross-sectional study based on data collected during multiple health screening camps held at multiple locations in rural central Punjab, Pakistan in the period between 2008 and 2015. A total of 13,722 patients were included in this study. Crude prevalence of hypertension was 35.1% and age-standardized prevalence was 34.4%. Among patients with hypertension, 62.3% were aware of having high blood pressure; among these patients, 75.3% were already on treatment for hypertension. Blood pressure was controlled in 22.3% of all patients with hypertension. Among those on treatment for hypertension, blood pressure was controlled in 32.3%. Nearly one-third of patients in health screening camps of rural central Punjab had hypertension. Blood pressure control rate was poor among these patients.

Keywords: Hypertension; Pakistan; Prevalence.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Copyright © 2017 Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

References

    1. Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Gupta R, Avezum A, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA. 2013;310:959–68. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.184182.
    1. Wilson PW. Established risk factors and coronary artery disease: the Framingham Study. Am J Hypertens. 1994;7:7S–12S. doi: 10.1093/ajh/7.7.7s.
    1. Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, Celis H, Arabidze GG, Birkenhäger WH, et al. Randomized double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet. 1997;350:757–64. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)05381-6.
    1. Coresh J, Wei GL, McQuillan G, Brancati FL, Levey AS, Jones C, et al. Prevalence of high blood pressure and elevated serum creatinine level in the United States: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994) Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1207–16. doi: 10.1001/archinte.161.9.1207.
    1. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, Amann M, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2224–60. doi: 10.3410/f.719894684.793533485.
    1. World Health Organization . Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010.
    1. Jafar TH, Levey AS, Jafary FH, White F, Gul A, Rahbar MH, et al. Ethnic subgroup differences in hypertension in Pakistan. J Hypertens. 2003;21:905–12. doi: 10.1097/00004872-200305000-00014.
    1. Shah SM, Luby S, Rahbar M, Khan AW, McCormick JB. Hypertension and its determinants among adults in high mountain villages of the Northern Areas of Pakistan. J Hum Hypertens. 2001;15:107–12. doi: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001131.
    1. World Health Organization A global brief on hypertension. Available from: .
    1. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) JAMA. 2014;311:507–20. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.284427.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention State-specific secondhand smoke exposure and current cigarette smoking among adults–United States, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:1232–5.
    1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 2015 Washington, DC.
    1. BMI classification . Global Database on Body Mass Index. World Health Organization; 2006. Available from: .
    1. World Health Organization Age standardization of rates: A new WHO standard. Available from: .
    1. Aziz KU. Evolution of systemic hypertension in Pakistani population. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2015;25:286–91.
    1. Shah SM, Loney T, Sheek-Hussein M, El Sadig M, Al Dhaheri S, El Barazi I, et al. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control, in male South Asian immigrants in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2015;15:30. doi: 10.1186/s12872-015-0024-2.
    1. Wang J, Zhang L, Wang F, Liu L, Wang H, China National Survey of Chronic Kidney Disease Working Group Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: results from a national survey. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27:1355–61. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpu053.
    1. Anchala R, Kannuri NK, Pant H, Khan H, Franco OH, Di Angelantonio E, Prabhakaran D. Hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014;32:1170–7. doi: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000146.
    1. Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, et al. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens. 2013;31:1364–71. doi: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283613053.
    1. Alam DS, Chowdhury MA, Siddiquee AT, Ahmed S, Niessen LW. Awareness and control of hypertension in Bangladesh: follow-up of a hypertensive cohort. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e004983. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004983.
    1. Neuhauser HK, Adler C, Rosario AS, Diederichs C, Ellert U. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in Germany 1998 and 2008–11. J Hum Hypertens. 2015;29:247–53. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2014.82.
    1. Guo F, He D, Zhang W, Walton RG. Trends in prevalence, awareness, management, and control of hypertension among United States adults, 1999 to 2010. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:599–606. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.026.
    1. Kayima J, Wanyenze RK, Katamba A, Leontsini E, Nuwaha F. Hypertension awareness, treatment and control in Africa: a systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2013;13:54. doi: 10.1186/1471-2261-13-54.
    1. Tailakh A, Evangelista LS, Mentes JC, Pike NA, Phillips LR, Morisky DE. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, and control in Arab countries: a systematic review. Nurs Health Sci. 2014;16:126–30. doi: 10.1111/nhs.12060.
    1. Bosu WK. The prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension among workers in West Africa: a systematic review. Glob Health Action. 2015;8:26227. doi: 10.3402/gha.v8.26227.
    1. National Health Survey of Pakistan 1998. Pakistan Medical and Research Council.
    1. Safdar S, Omair A, Faisal U, Hasan H. Prevalence of hypertension in a low income settlement of Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2004;54:506–9.

Source: PubMed

赞助者和合作者

医疗条件

药物干预

3
订阅