Risk Factors and Preventions of Breast Cancer

Yi-Sheng Sun, Zhao Zhao, Zhang-Nv Yang, Fang Xu, Hang-Jing Lu, Zhi-Yong Zhu, Wen Shi, Jianmin Jiang, Ping-Ping Yao, Han-Ping Zhu, Yi-Sheng Sun, Zhao Zhao, Zhang-Nv Yang, Fang Xu, Hang-Jing Lu, Zhi-Yong Zhu, Wen Shi, Jianmin Jiang, Ping-Ping Yao, Han-Ping Zhu

Abstract

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women. The development of breast cancer is a multi-step process involving multiple cell types, and its prevention remains challenging in the world. Early diagnosis of breast cancer is one of the best approaches to prevent this disease. In some developed countries, the 5-year relative survival rate of breast cancer patients is above 80% due to early prevention. In the recent decade, great progress has been made in the understanding of breast cancer as well as in the development of preventative methods. The pathogenesis and tumor drug-resistant mechanisms are revealed by discovering breast cancer stem cells, and many genes are found related to breast cancer. Currently, people have more drug options for the chemoprevention of breast cancer, while biological prevention has been recently developed to improve patients' quality of life. In this review, we will summarize key studies of pathogenesis, related genes, risk factors and preventative methods on breast cancer over the past years. These findings represent a small step in the long fight against breast cancer.

Keywords: breast cancer; pathogenesis; prevention.; risk factor.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Two hypothetical theories of breast cancer initiation and progression. (A) All subtypes of tumor are derived from the same stem cells or progenitor cells. Different tumor phenotypes are then determined by subtype-specific transforming events. (B) Each tumor subtype is initiated from a single cell type (stem cell, progenitor cell, or differentiated cell). Random mutations can gradually accumulate in any breast cells, leading to their transformation into tumor cells when an adequate number of mutations have accumulated.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic diagram of risk factors and preventions of breast cancer. Age, family history, reproductive factors, estrogen and life style are five important risk factors of breast cancer, represented in the pyramid chart. Screening (mammography and MRI), chemoprevention (with SERMs and AIs) and biological prevention (using Herceptin and pertuzumab) are currently being used to prevent breast cancer. PD1/PDL1 inhibitors are immunotherapy drugs and might be promising strategies in treating TNBC.

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