Reactive air surfaces for preventing pressure ulcers

Chunhu Shi, Jo C Dumville, Nicky Cullum, Sarah Rhodes, Vannessa Leung, Elizabeth McInnes, Chunhu Shi, Jo C Dumville, Nicky Cullum, Sarah Rhodes, Vannessa Leung, Elizabeth McInnes

Abstract

Background: Pressure ulcers (also known as pressure injuries, pressure sores, decubitus ulcers and bed sores) are localised injuries to the skin or underlying soft tissue, or both, caused by unrelieved pressure, shear or friction. Reactive air surfaces (beds, mattresses or overlays) can be used for preventing pressure ulcers.

Objectives: To assess the effects of reactive air beds, mattresses or overlays compared with any support surface on the incidence of pressure ulcers in any population in any setting.

Search methods: In November 2019, we searched the Cochrane Wounds Specialised Register; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); Ovid MEDLINE (including In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations); Ovid Embase and EBSCO CINAHL Plus. We also searched clinical trials registries for ongoing and unpublished studies, and scanned reference lists of relevant included studies as well as reviews, meta-analyses and health technology reports to identify additional studies. There were no restrictions with respect to language, date of publication or study setting.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials that allocated participants of any age to reactive air beds, overlays or mattresses. Comparators were any beds, overlays or mattresses that were applied for preventing pressure ulcers.

Data collection and analysis: At least two review authors independently assessed studies using predetermined inclusion criteria. We carried out data extraction, 'Risk of bias' assessment using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool, and the certainty of the evidence assessment according to Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations methodology. If a reactive air surface was compared with surfaces that were not clearly specified, then we recorded and described the concerned study but did not included it in further data analyses.

Main results: We included 17 studies (2604 participants) in this review. Most studies were small (median study sample size: 83 participants). The average participant age ranged from 56 to 87 years (median: 72 years). Participants were recruited from a wide range of care settings with the majority being acute care settings. Almost all studies were conducted in the regions of Europe and America. Of the 17 included studies, two (223 participants) compared reactive air surfaces with surfaces that were not well described and therefore could not be classified. We analysed data for five comparisons: reactive air surfaces compared with (1) alternating pressure (active) air surfaces (seven studies with 1728 participants), (2) foam surfaces (four studies with 229 participants), (3) reactive water surfaces (one study with 37 participants), (4) reactive gel surfaces (one study with 66 participants), and (5) another type of reactive air surface (two studies with 223 participants). Of the 17 studies, seven (41.2%) presented findings which were considered at high overall risk of bias.

Primary outcome: Pressure ulcer incidence Reactive air surfaces may reduce the proportion of participants developing a new pressure ulcer compared with foam surfaces (risk ratio (RR) 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18 to 0.96; I2 = 25%; 4 studies, 229 participants; low-certainty evidence). It is uncertain if there is a difference in the proportions of participants developing a new pressure ulcer on reactive air surfaces compared with: alternating pressure (active) air surfaces (6 studies, 1648 participants); reactive water surfaces (1 study, 37 participants); reactive gel surfaces (1 study, 66 participants), or another type of reactive air surface (2 studies, 223 participants). Evidence for all these comparisons is of very low certainty. Included studies have data on time to pressure ulcer incidence for two comparisons. When time to pressure ulcer incidence is considered using a hazard ratio (HR), low-certainty evidence suggests that in the nursing home setting, people on reactive air surfaces may be less likely to develop a new pressure ulcer over 14 days' of follow-up than people on alternating pressure (active) air surfaces (HR 0.44; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.96; 1 study, 308 participants). It is uncertain if there is a difference in the hazard of developing new pressure ulcers between two types of reactive air surfaces (1 study, 123 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Secondary outcomes Support-surface-associated patient comfort: the included studies have data on this outcome for three comparisons. We could not pool any data as comfort outcome measures differed between included studies; therefore a narrative summary is provided. It is uncertain if there is a difference in patient comfort responses between reactive air surfaces and foam surfaces over the top of an alternating pressure (active) air surfaces (1 study, 72 participants), and between those using reactive air surfaces and those using alternating pressure (active) air surfaces (4 studies, 1364 participants). Evidence for these two comparisons is of very low certainty. It is also uncertain if there is a difference in patient comfort responses between two types of reactive air surfaces (1 study, 84 participants; low-certainty evidence). All reported adverse events: there were data on this outcome for one comparison: it is uncertain if there is a difference in adverse events between reactive air surfaces and foam surfaces (1 study, 72 participants; very low-certainty evidence). The included studies have no data for health-related quality of life and cost-effectiveness for all five comparisons.

Authors' conclusions: Current evidence is uncertain regarding any differences in the relative effects of reactive air surfaces on ulcer incidence and patient comfort, when compared with reactive water surfaces, reactive gel surfaces, or another type of reactive air surface. Using reactive air surfaces may reduce the risk of developing new pressure ulcers compared with using foam surfaces. Also, using reactive air surfaces may reduce the risk of developing new pressure ulcers within 14 days compared with alternating pressure (active) air surfaces in people in a nursing home setting. Future research in this area should consider evaluation of the most important support surfaces from the perspective of decision-makers. Time-to-event outcomes, careful assessment of adverse events and trial-level cost-effectiveness evaluation should be considered in future studies. Trials should be designed to minimise the risk of detection bias; for example, by using digital photography and adjudicators of the photographs being blinded to group allocation. Further review using network meta-analysis will add to the findings reported here.

Conflict of interest statement

Chunhu Shi: I received research funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (Research for Patient Benefit, Evidence synthesis for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment, PB‐PG‐1217‐20006). I received support from the Tissue Viability Society to attend conferences unrelated to this work. The Doctoral Scholar Awards Scholarship and Doctoral Academy Conference Support Fund (University of Manchester) also supported a PhD and conference attendance respectively; both were unrelated to this work.

Jo Dumville: I am Chief Investigator on a National Institute for Health Research grant that funded the conduct of this review (Research for Patient Benefit, Evidence synthesis for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment, PB‐PG‐1217‐20006). This research was co‐funded by the National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre and partly funded by the National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration Greater Manchester.

Nicky Cullum: I am Co‐investigator on a National Institute for Health Research grant that funded the conduct of this review (Research for Patient Benefit, Evidence synthesis for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment, PB‐PG‐1217‐20006). This research was co‐funded by the National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, and partly funded by the National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration Greater Manchester.

My previous and current employers received research grant funding from the NHS Research and Development programme, and subsequently the NIHR, for previous versions of this review. The funders had no role in the conduct of the review. My previous employer received research grant funding from the NIHR for an RCT comparing different alternating pressure air surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention. This RCT (for which I was the Chief Investigator) was not eligible for inclusion in this review.

Sarah Rhodes: my salary is funded from three NIHR grants and a grant from Greater Manchester Cancer.

Vannessa Leung: none known.

Elizabeth McInnes: none known.

Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
1.1. Analysis
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Reactive air surfaces compared with alternating pressure (active) air surfaces, Outcome 1: Proportion of participants developing a new pressure ulcer
1.2. Analysis
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Reactive air surfaces compared with alternating pressure (active) air surfaces, Outcome 2: Time‐to‐pressure ulcer incidence
2.1. Analysis
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Reactive air surfaces compared with foam surfaces, Outcome 1: Proportion of participants developing a new pressure ulcer
3.1. Analysis
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Reactive air surfaces compared with reactive water surfaces, Outcome 1: Proportion of participants developing a new pressure ulcer
4.1. Analysis
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Reactive air surfaces compared with reactive gel surfaces, Outcome 1: Proportion of participants developing a new pressure ulcer

References

References to studies included in this review Allman 1987 {published data only}

    1. Allman RM, Walker JM, Hart MK, Laprade CA, Noel LB, Smith CR. Air-fluidized beds or conventional therapy for pressure sores. A randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1987;107(5):641-8.
Beeckman 2019 {published data only}
    1. Anrys C, Van Tiggelen H, Verhaeghe S, Van Hecke A, Beeckman D. Independent risk factors for pressure ulcer development in a high-risk nursing home population receiving evidence-based pressure ulcer prevention: results from a study in 26 nursing homes in Belgium. International Wound Journal 2019;16(2):325-33.
    1. Beeckman D, Serraes B, Anrys C, Van Tiggelen H, Van Hecke A, Verhaeghe S. A multicentre prospective randomised controlled clinical trial comparing the effectiveness and cost of a static air mattress and alternating air pressure mattress to prevent pressure ulcers in nursing home residents. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2019;97:105-13.
    1. NCT03597750. Comparison of static air support devices (Repose®) and alternating-pressure devices in the prevention of pressure ulcers. .
Bennett 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bennett RG, Baran PJ, DeVone LV, Bacetti H, Kristo B, Tayback M, et al. Low airloss hydrotherapy versus standard care for incontinent hospitalized patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1998;46(5):569-76. [PMID: ]
Cavicchioli 2007 {published data only}
    1. Cavicchioli A, Carella G. Clinical effectiveness of a low-tech versus high-tech pressure-redistributing mattress. Journal of Wound Care 2007;16(7):285-9. [PMID: ]
Cobb 1997 {published data only}
    1. Cobb GA, Yoder LH, Warren JB. Pressure ulcers: patient outcomes on a KinAir bed or EHOB waffle mattress. TriService Nursing Research Program (TSNRP) 1997.
Cooper 1998 {published data only}
    1. Cooper PJ, Gray DG, Mollison J. A randomised controlled trial of two pressure-reducing surfaces. Journal of Wound Care 1998;7(8):374-6. [PMID: ]
Finnegan 2008 {published data only}
    1. Finnegan MJ, Gazzerro L, Finnegan JO, Lo P. Comparing the effectiveness of a specialized alternating air pressure mattress replacement system and an air-fluidized integrated bed in the management of post-operative flap patients: a randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Tissue Viability 2008;17(1):2-9.
Inman 1993 {published data only}
    1. Inman KJ, Sibbald WJ, Rutledge FS, Clark BJ. Clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of an air suspension bed in the prevention of pressure ulcers. JAMA 1993;269(9):1139-43. [PMID: ]
Jiang 2014 {published data only}
    1. Jiang Q, Li X, Zhang A, Guo Y, Liu Y, Liu H, et al. Multicenter comparison of the efficacy on prevention of pressure ulcer in postoperative patients between two types of pressure-relieving mattresses in China. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7(9):2820-7. [PMID: ]
Lazzara 1991 {published data only}
    1. Lazzara DJ, Buschmann MT. Prevention of pressure ulcers in elderly nursing home residents: are special support surfaces the answer? Decubitus 1991;4(4):42-4, 46, 48. [PMID: ]
Malbrain 2010 {published data only}
    1. Malbrain M, Hendriks B, Wijnands P, Denie D, Jans A, Vanpellicom J, et al. A pilot randomised controlled trial comparing reactive air and active alternating pressure mattresses in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers among medical ICU patients. Journal of Tissue Viability 2010;19(1):7-15. [PMID: ]
Price 1999 {published data only}
    1. Price P, Bale S, Newcombe R, Harding K. Challenging the pressure sore paradigm. Journal of Wound Care 1999;8(4):187-90. [PMID: ]
Sideranko 1992 {published data only}
    1. Sideranko S, Quinn A, Burns K, Froman RD. Effects of position and mattress overlay on sacral and heel pressures in a clinical population. Research in Nursing & Health 1992;15(4):245-51.
Takala 1996 {published data only}
    1. Takala J, Varmavuo S, Soppi E. Prevention of pressure sores in acute respiratory failure: a randomised controlled trial. Clinical Intensive Care 1996;7(5):228-35.
Van Leen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Van Leen M, Hovius S, Neyens J, Halfens R, Schols J. Pressure relief, cold foam or static air? A single center, prospective, controlled randomized clinical trial in a Dutch nursing home. Journal of Tissue Viability 2011;20(1):30-4. [PMID: ]
Van Leen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Van Leen M, Hovius S, Halfens R, Neyens J, Schols J. Pressure relief with visco-elastic foam or with combined static air overlay? A prospective, crossover randomized clinical trial in a Dutch nursing home. Wounds 2013;25(10):287-92. [PMID: ]
Vermette 2012 {published data only}
    1. Vermette S, Reeves I, Lemaire J. Cost effectiveness of an air-inflated static overlay for pressure ulcer prevention: a randomized, controlled trial. Wounds 2012;24(8):207-14. [PMID: ]
References to studies excluded from this review ACTRN12618000319279 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12618000319279. Testing the effectiveness of pressure mattresses for people over 65 years residing in the community. 2018.
Andersen 1982 {published data only}
    1. Andersen KE, Jensen O, Kvorning SA, Bach E. Decubitus prophylaxis: a prospective trial on the efficacy of alternating-pressure air-mattresses and water-mattresses. Acta Dermatovener (Stockholm) 1982;63:227-30.
Andrews 1988 {published data only}
    1. Andrews J, Balai R. The prevention and treatment of pressure sores by use of pressure distributing mattresses. Care Science and Practice 1989;7(3):72-6.
    1. Andrews J, Balai R. The prevention and treatment of pressure sores by use of pressure distributing mattresses. Decubitus 1988;1(4):14-21.
Anonymous 2006 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Effective methods for preventing pressure ulcers. Journal of Family Practice 2006;55(11):942. [PMID: ]
Aronovitch 1999 {published data only}
    1. Aronovitch SA, Wilber M, Slezak S, Martin T, Utter D. A comparative study of an alternating air mattress for the prevention of pressure ulcers in surgical patients. Ostomy/Wound Management 1999;45(3):34-44.
    1. Aronovitch SA. A comparative, randomized, controlled study to determine safety and efficacy of preventive pressure ulcer systems: preliminary analysis. Advances in Wound Care 1998:15-6.
Ballard 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ballard K. Pressure-relief mattresses and patient comfort. Professional Nurse 1997;13(1):27-32.
Bell 1993 {published data only}
    1. Bell JC, Matthews SD. Results of a clinical investigation of four pressure-reduction replacement mattresses. Journal of ET Nursing 1993;20(5):204-10. [PMID: ]
Berthe 2007 {published data only}
    1. Berthe JV, Bustillo A, Mélot C, De Fontaine D. Does a foamy-block mattress system prevent pressure sores? A prospective randomised clinical trial in 1729 patients. Acta Chirurgica Belgica 2007;107(2):155-61.
Bliss 1966 {published data only}
    1. Bliss MR, McLaren R, Exton-Smith AN. Mattresses for preventing pressure sores in geriatric patients. Monthly Bulletin of the Ministry of Health and the Public Health Laboratory Service 1966;25:238-68. [PMID: ]
Bliss 1967 {published data only}
    1. Bliss MR, McLaren R, Exton-Smith AN. Preventing pressure sores in hospital: controlled trial of a large-celled ripple mattress. BMJ 1967;1(5537):394-7.
Bliss 1993 {published data only}
    1. Bliss MR, Thomas JM. An investigative approach. An overview of randomised controlled trials of alternating pressure supports. Professional Nurse (London, England) 1993;8(7):437-44. [PMID: ]
Bliss 1995a {published data only}
    1. Bliss MR. Preventing pressure sores in elderly patients: a comparison of seven mattress overlays. Age and Ageing 1995;24:297-302.
    1. Bliss MR. Randomised controlled trial of seven pressure relieving mattress overlays for preventing pressure sores in elderly patients. In: Conference of the Tissue Viability Society; 1994; Harrogate (UK). 1994:5.
Bliss 1995b {published data only}
    1. Bliss MR. Managing pressure ulcers. Advances in Wound Care 1995;8(5):6, 8. [PMID: ]
Bliss 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bliss MR. Clinical research in patient support systems. Journal of Tissue Viability 2003;13(4):154-6, 158, 160. [PMID: ]
Bliss 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bliss M. Trials of alternating pressure mattresses. Journal of Tissue Viability 2004;14(1):32-3. [PMID: ]
Branom 1999 {published data only}
    1. Branom R, Knox L. Low-air-loss vs non-powered/dynamic surfaces in wound management. In: 31st Annual Wound, Ostomy and Continence Conference: Minneapolis (MN). 1999:483.
Branom 2001 {published data only}
    1. Branom R, Rappl LM. "Constant force technology" versus low-air-loss therapy in the treatment of pressure ulcers. Ostomy/Wound Management 2001;47(9):38-46. [PMID: ]
Brown 2001 {published data only}
    1. Brown SJ. Bed surfaces and pressure sore prevention: an abridged report. Orthopedic Nursing 2001;20(4):38-40. [PMID: ]
Bueno de Camargo 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bueno de Camargo WH, Pereira RD, Tanita MT, Heko L, Grion IC, Festti J, et al. The effect of support surfaces on the incidence of pressure injuries in critically ill patients: a randomized clinical trial. Critical Care Research and Practice 2018;2018:Article ID 3712067.
    1. NCT02844166. Support surfaces to prevent pressure injuries. .
Cadue 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cadue JF, Karolewicz S, Tardy C, Barrault C, Robert R, Pourrat O. Prevention of heel pressure sores with a foam body-support device. A randomized controlled trial in a medical intensive care unit [Efficacite de supports anatomiques en mousse pour la prevention des escarres de talons. Etude controlee randomisee en reanimation medicale]. Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983) 2008;37(1 Pt 1):30-6. [PMID: ]
Caley 1994 {published data only}
    1. Caley L, Jones S, Freer J, Muller JS. Randomized prospective trial: treatment outcomes and cost-effectiveness of two types of low-air-loss therapy. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Clinical Symposium on Pressure Ulcer and Wound Management. 1994:1-2.
Cassino 2013a {published data only}
    1. Cassino R, Ippolito AM, Cuffaro C, Corsi A, Ricci E. A controlled, randomized study on the effectiveness of two overlays in the treatment of decubitus ulcers. Minerva Chirurgica 2013;68(1):105-16.
Cassino 2013b {published data only}
    1. Cassino R, Ippolito AM, Ricci E. Comparison of two mattress overlays in the prevention of pressure ulcers. Acta Vulnologica 2013;11(1):15-21.
Chaloner 2000a {published data only}
    1. Chaloner D, Cave J. Should weaker study designs ever be preferred over randomised controlled trials. Journal of Tissue Viability 2000;10(3 su):7-9. [PMID: ]
ChiCTR1800017466 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800017466. The study on the application of fluidized positioner in preventing intraoperative pressure injury. 2018.
Chou 2013 {published data only}
    1. Chou R, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, Starmer AJ, Reitel K, et al. Pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention: a systematic comparative effectiveness review. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013;159(1):28-38. [PMID: ]
Collier 1996 {published data only}
    1. Collier ME. Pressure-reducing mattresses. Journal of Wound Care 1996;5(5):207-11. [PMID: ]
Conine 1990 {published data only}
    1. Conine TA, Daechsel D, Choi AK, Lau MS. Costs and acceptability of two special overlays for the prevention of pressure sores. Rehabilitation Nursing 1990;15(3):133-7. [PMID: ]
    1. Conine TA, Daechsel D, Lau MS. The role of alternating air and Silicore overlays in preventing decubitus ulcers. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 1990;13(1):133-7.
Cummins 2019 {published data only}
    1. Cummins KA, Watters R, Leming-Lee T. Reducing pressure injuries in the pediatric intensive care unit. Nursing Clinics of North America 2019;54(1):127-40. [PMID: ]
Daechsel 1985 {published data only}
    1. Daechsel D, Conine TA. Special mattresses: effectiveness in preventing decubitus ulcers in chronic neurologic patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1985;66(4):246-8. [PMID: ]
Day 1993 {published data only}
    1. Day A, Leonard F. Seeking quality care for patients with pressure ulcers. Decubitus 1993;6(1):32-43. [PMID: ]
Defloor 2005 {published data only}
    1. Defloor T, De Bacquer D, Grypdonck MH. The effect of various combinations of turning and pressure reducing devices on the incidence of pressure ulcers. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2005;42(1):37-46. [PMID: ]
Demarre 2012 {published data only}
    1. Demarre L, Beeckman D, Vanderwee K, Defloor T, Grypdonck M, Verhaeghe S. Multi-stage versus single-stage inflation and deflation cycle for alternating low pressure air mattresses to prevent pressure ulcers in hospitalised patients: a randomised-controlled clinical trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2012;49(4):416-26. [PMID: ]
    1. Demarre L, Vanderwee K, Beeckman D, Defloor T. Pressure ulcer prevention: randomized controlled trial comparing the effect of a standard alternating pressure air mattress and an alternating low pressure air mattress with gradual inflation and deflation. EWMA Journal 2010;10(2):44.
    1. Demarre L, Vanderwee K, Beeckman D, Defloor T. The effectiveness of a multistage low pressure air mattress in pressure ulcer prevention: an RCT Fourth European Nursing Congress. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2010;19:41.
    1. Demarre L, Verhaeghe S, Van Hecke A, Grypdonck M, Clays E, Vanderwee K, et al. The effectiveness of three types of alternating pressure air mattresses in the prevention of pressure ulcers in Belgian hospitals. Research in Nursing & Health 2013;36(5):439-52. [PMID: ]
De Oliveira 2017 {published data only}
    1. De Oliveira KF, Nascimento KG, Nicolussi AC, Chavaglia SR, De Araujo CA, Barbosa MH. Support surfaces in the prevention of pressure ulcers in surgical patients: an integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2017;23(4):doi: 10.1111/ijn.12553.
Devine 1995 {published data only}
    1. Devine B. Alternating pressure air mattresses in the management of established pressure sores. Journal of Tissue Viability 1995;5(3):94-8.
Economides 1995 {published data only}
    1. Economides NG, Skoutakis VA, Carter CA, Smith VH. Evaluation of the effectiveness of two support surfaces following myocutaneous flap surgery. Advances in Wound Care 1995;8(1):49-53. [PMID: ]
Evans 2000 {published data only}
    1. Evans D, Land L, Geary A. A clinical evaluation of the Nimbus 3 alternating pressure mattress replacement system. Journal of Wound Care 2000;9(4):181-6. [PMID: ]
Ewing 1964 {published data only}
    1. Ewing MR, Garrow C, Presley TA, Ashley C, Kisella NM. Further experiences in the use of sheep skins as an aid in nursing. Australian Nurses' Journal 1964;1964 September:215-9.
Exton‐Smith 1982 {published data only}
    1. Exton-Smith AN, Overstall PW, Wedgwood J, Wallace G. Use of the 'air wave system' to prevent pressure sores in hospital. Lancet 1982;1(8284):1288-90. [PMID: ]
Ferrell 1993 {published data only}
    1. Ferrell BA, Osterweil D, Christenson P. A randomized trial of low-air-loss beds for treatment of pressure ulcers. JAMA 1993;269(4):494-7. [PMID: ]
Ferrell 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ferrell BA, Keeler E, Siu AL, Ahn SH, Osterweil D. Cost-effectiveness of low-air-loss beds for treatment of pressure ulcers. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1995;50(3):M141-6. [PMID: ]
Feuchtinger 2006 {published data only}
    1. Feuchtinger J, De Bie R, Dassen T, Halfens R. A 4-cm thermoactive viscoelastic foam pad on the operating room table to prevent pressure ulcer during cardiac surgery. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2006;15(2):162-7. [PMID: ]
    1. Feuchtinger J. Preventing decubitus ulcer in heart surgery interventions: visco-elastic foam layer on the operating room table--a study [Dekubituspravention wahrend kardiochirurgischer Eingriffe: Viskoelastische Schaumstoffauflage auf dem Operationstisch--eine Studie]. Pflege Zeitschrift 2006;59(8):498-501. [PMID: ]
Fleischer 1997 {published data only}
    1. Fleischer I, Bryant D. Evaluating replacement mattresses. Nursing Management 1997;28(8):38-41. [PMID: ]
García Fernández 2004 {published data only}
    1. García Fernández FP, Pancorbo Hidalgo PL, Rodríguez Torres M. Utility and cost-effectiveness of air suspension bed in the prevention of pressure ulcers. Gerokomos 2004;15(3):162-7.
Gazzerro 2008 {published data only}
    1. Gazzerro L, Finnegan M. Comparing the effectiveness of alternating air pressure mattress replacement systems and air fluidized integrated beds in the management of flap and graft patients: ten case studies. Scientific and Clinical Abstracts from the 40th Annual Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Annual Conference. Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing 2008;35(3):S63.
Gebhardt 1994a {published data only}
    1. Gebhardt K, Bliss MR. A controlled study to compare the efficacy, practicability and cost of pressure relieving supports to prevent and heal pressure sores. In: 2nd European Conference on Advances in Wound Management; 1992 October 20-23; Harrogate (UK). 1993:166.
    1. Gebhardt K. A randomized trial of alternating pressure (AP) and constant low pressure (CLP) supports for the prevention of pressure sores. Journal of Tissue Viability 1994;4(3):93.
Gebhardt 1994b {published data only}
    1. Gebhardt KS, Bliss MR, Winwright PL. A randomised controlled trial to compare the efficacy of alternating and constant low pressure supports for preventing pressure sores in an intensive care unit (ICU). Clinical Science 1994;86(S30):39P.
Gebhardt 1996 {published data only}
    1. Gebhardt KS, Bliss MR, Winwright PL, Thomas J. Pressure-relieving supports in an ICU. Journal of Wound Care 1996;5(3):116-21.
Geelkerken 1994 {published data only}
    1. Geelkerken RH, Breslau PJ, Hermans J, Wille J, Hofman A, Hamming JJ. Anti-decubitus mattress [Anti-decubitusmatrassen]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 1994;138(36):1834; author reply 1834-5. [PMID: ]
Goldstone 1982 {published data only}
    1. Goldstone LA, Norris M, O'Reilly M, White J. A clinical trial of a bead bed system for the prevention of pressure sores in elderly orthopaedic patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1982;7(6):545-8. [PMID: ]
Gray 1994 {published data only}
    1. Gray D. A randomised clinical trial of two foam mattresses. Aberdeen Royal Hospitals NHS Trust. Medical Support System 1994.
    1. Gray D. A randomised controlled trial of two foam mattresses. Journal of Tissue Viability 1994;4(3):92.
    1. Gray DG, Campbell M. A randomised clinical trial of two types of foam mattresses. Journal of Tissue Viability 1994;4(4):128-32.
    1. Gray DG, Cooper PJ, Campbell M. A study of the performance of a pressure reducing foam mattress after three years of use. Journal of Tissue Viability 1998;8(3):9-13. [PMID: ]
Gray 2000 {published data only}
    1. Gray D, Smith M. A randomized controlled trial of two pressure-reducing foam mattresses. In: European Wound Management Association Conference; 1998 November; Harrogate (UK). 1998:4.
    1. Gray DG, Smith M. Comparison of a new foam mattress with the standard hospital mattress. Journal of Wound Care 2000;9(1):29-31. [PMID: ]
Gray 2008 {published data only}
    1. Gray D, Cooper P, Bertram M, Duguid K, Pirie G. A clinical audit of the Softform Premier Active™ mattress in two acute care of the elderly wards. Wounds UK 2008;4(4):124-8.
Greer 1988 {published data only}
    1. Greer DM, Morris J, Walsh NE, Glenn AM, Keppler J. Cost-effectiveness and efficacy of air-fluidized therapy in the treatment of pressure ulcers. Journal of Enterostomal Therapy 1988;15(6):247-51. [PMID: ]
Grindley 1996 {published data only}
    1. Grindley A, Acres J. Alternating pressure mattresses: comfort and quality of sleep. British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 1996;5(21):1303-10. [PMID: ]
Groen 1999 {published data only}
    1. Groen HW, Groenier KH, Schuling J. Comparative study of a foam mattress and a water mattress. Journal of Wound Care 1999;8(7):333-5.
Gunningberg 2000 {published data only}
    1. Gunningberg L, Lindholm C, Carlsson M, Sjoden PO. Effect of visco-elastic foam mattresses on the development of pressure ulcers in patients with hip fractures. Journal of Wound Care 2000;9(10):455-60. [PMID: ]
Gunningberg 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gunningberg L, Lindholm C, Carlsson M, Sjoden PO. Reduced incidence of pressure ulcers in patients with hip fractures: a 2-year follow-up of quality indicators. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2001;13(5):399-407. [PMID: ]
Haalboom 1994 {published data only}
    1. Haalboom JR. Anti-decubitus mattresses [Anti-decubitusmatrassen]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 1994;138(26):1309-10. [PMID: ]
Hale 1990 {published data only}
    1. Hale JS, Smith SH. Pressure reduction mattresses versus pressure reduction overlays: a cost analysis. Journal of Enterostomal Therapy 1990;17(6):241-3. [PMID: ]
Hampton 1997 {published data only}
    1. Hampton S. Evaluation of the new Cairwave Therapy System in one hospital trust. British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 1997;6(3):167-70. [PMID: ]
Hampton 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hampton S. Can electric beds aid pressure sore prevention in hospitals? British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 1998;7(17):1010-7. [PMID: ]
Hampton 1999 {published data only}
    1. Hampton S. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the Thermo contour mattress. British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 1999;8(15):990-6.
Hawkins 1997 {published data only}
    1. Hawkins JE. The effectiveness of pressure-reducing table pads as an intervention to reduce the risk of intraoperatively acquired pressure sores. Military Medicine 1997;162(11):759-61. [PMID: ]
Hofman 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hofman A, Geelkerken RH, Wille J, Hamming JJ, Hermans J, Breslau PJ. Pressure sores and pressure-decreasing mattresses: controlled clinical trial. Lancet 1994;343(8897):568-71. [PMID: ]
Holzgreve 1993 {published data only}
    1. Holzgreve A, Waldner M, Waldner PW, Hohlbach G. Bed sore prophylaxis in patients with chronic arterial occlusive disease with a new thermoactive pressure alternating mattress. Langenbecks Archiv fur Chirurgie 1993:1117.
Hommel 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hommel A, Thorngre KG, Ulander K. How to prevent patients with a hip fracture from developing pressure ulcers. EWMA Journal 2008;8(2):157.
Hoshowsky 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hoshowsky VM, Schramm CA. Intraoperative pressure sore prevention: an analysis of bedding materials. Research in Nursing & Health 1994;17(5):333-9. [PMID: ]
Hoskins 2007a {published data only}
    1. Hoskins A. Alternating pressure mattresses were more cost effective than alternating pressure overlays for preventing pressure ulcers. Evidence-Based Nursing 2007;10(1):23. [PMID: ]
Hoskins 2007b {published data only}
    1. Hoskins A. Similar proportions of patients developed pressure ulcers on alternating pressure overlays and alternating pressure mattresses. Evidence-Based Nursing 2007;10(1):22. [PMID: ]
Huang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Huang HY, Chen HL, Xu XJ. Pressure-redistribution surfaces for prevention of surgery-related pressure ulcers: a meta-analysis. Ostomy/Wound Management 2013;59(4):36-8, 42, 44, 46, 48. [PMID: ]
Huang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Huang W, Zhu Y, Qu H. Use of an alternating inflatable head pad in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Medical Science Monitor 2018;24:970-6. [PMID: ]
Hungerford 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hungerford K. A specially designed foam mattress replacement reduced pressure ulcers in nursing home residents. Evidence-Based Nursing 1998;1(2):51.
Iglesias 2006 {published data only}
    1. Iglesias C, Nixon J, Cranny G, Nelson EA, Hawkins K, Phillips A, et al. Pressure relieving support surfaces (PRESSURE) trial: cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ 2006;332(7555):1416-8.
    1. Iglesias CP, Nixon J, Cranny G, Nelson A, Hawkins K, Philips A, et al. The NHS Health Technology Assessment Programme. Pressure trial: cost effectiveness analysis of two alternating pressure surfaces for the prevention of pressure ulcers. EWMA Journal 2006;6(1):38.
    1. Iglesias CP, Nixon J, Cranny G. Pressure trial: cost effectiveness analysis of two alternating pressure surfaces for the prevention of pressure ulcers. In: European Wound Management Association Conference; 2005 September 15-17; Stuttgart (Germany). 2005:156.
IRCT2015110619919N3 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2015110619919N3. The effect of silicone protective pad on pressure ulcer. 2016.
IRCT2016091129781N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2016091129781N1. Comparison gum gel and foam cushions to prevent bedsores. .
Ismail 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ismail ZB. Comparative study between the use of a pressure relieving overlay mattress and other mattresses commonly used by homebound patients in the community. Singapore Nursing Journal 2001;28(2):13-6.
Jolley 2004 {published data only}
    1. Jolley DJ, Wright R, McGowan S, Hickey MB, Campbell DA, Sinclair RD, et al. Preventing pressure ulcers with the Australian Medical Sheepskin: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Medical Journal of Australia 2004;180(7):324-7. [PMID: ]
    1. Jolley DJ. A multilevel analysis of three randomised controlled trials of the Australian Medical Sheepskin in the prevention of sacral pressure ulcers. Medical Journal of Australia 2011;194(2):104.
JPRN‐UMIN000029680 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000029680. Effects of robotic mattress on pressure ulcer healing, comfort level among pressure ulcer patients, and nursing work load: a randomized controlled trial. .
Kemp 1993 {published data only}
    1. Kemp MG, Kopanke D, Tordecilla L, Fogg L, Shott S, Matthiesen V, et al. The role of support surfaces and patient attributes in preventing pressure ulcers in elderly patients. Research in Nursing & Health 1993;16(2):89-96. [PMID: ]
Keogh 2001 {published data only}
    1. Keogh A, Dealey C. Profiling beds versus standard hospital beds: effects on pressure ulcer incidence outcomes. Journal of Wound Care 2001;10(2):15-9. [PMID: ]
Klein 1989 {published data only}
    1. Klein L, Gilroy K. Evaluating mattress overlays and pressure relieving systems: a question of perception or reality? Journal of Enterostomal Therapy 1989;16(2):58-60. [PMID: ]
Laurent 1998 {published data only}
    1. Laurent S. Effectiveness of pressure decreasing mattresses in cardiovascular surgery patients: a controlled clinical trial. In: 3rd European Conference for Nurse Managers, 1997 Oct; Brussels (Belgium). 1998.
Lee 1974 {published data only}
    1. Lee EO, Kim MJ. A comparative study on the effect of gel pad, sheepskin and sponge on prevention and treatment of decubitus ulcers. Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1974;4(3):93-104.
Maklebust 1988 {published data only}
    1. Maklebust J, Brunckhorst L, Cracchiolo-Caraway A, Ducharme MA, Dundon R, Panfilli R, et al. Pressure ulcer incidence in high-risk patients managed on a special three-layered air cushion. Decubitus 1988;1(4):30-40. [PMID: ]
Marutani 2019 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000035568. Evaluation of pressure ulcer prevention and QOL for using dual-fit-air-cell-mattresses. .
    1. Marutani A, Okuwa M, Sugama J. Use of 2 types of air-cell mattresses for pressure ulcer prevention and comfort among patients with advanced-stage cancer receiving palliative care: an interventional study. Ostomy Wound Management 2019;65(5):24-32.
Mastrangelo 2010a {published data only}
    1. Mastrangelo D, Farina E, Gallicchio V, De Anna D, Bresadola F. Observational study of the use of antidecubitus mattress covers in the prevention and care of pressure ulcers. Acta Vulnologica 2010;8(2):87-92.
McGinnis 2011 {published data only}
    1. McGinnis E, Stubbs N. Pressure-relieving devices for treating heel pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 9. Art. No: CD005485. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005485.pub2]
McGowan 2000 {published data only}
    1. McGowan S, Montgomery K, Jolley D, Wright R. The role of sheepskins in preventing pressure ulcers in elderly orthopaedic patients. Primary Intention 2000:127-34.
McInnes 2015 {published data only}
    1. McInnes E, Jammali-Blasi A, Bell-Syer SE, Dumville JC, Middleton V, Cullum N. Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. Art. No: CD001735. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001735.pub5]
McInnes 2018 {published data only}
    1. McInnes E, Jammali-Blasi A, Bell-Syer SE, Leung V. Support surfaces for treating pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 10. Art. No: CD009490. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009490.pub2]
Mendoza 2019 {published data only}
    1. Mendoza RA, Lorusso GA, Ferrer DA, Helenowski IB, Liu J, Soriano RH, et al. A prospective, randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of the fluid immersion simulation system vs an air-fluidised bed system in the acute postoperative management of pressure ulcers: a midpoint study analysis. International Wound Journal 2019;16(4):989-99.
Mistiaen 2010a {published data only}
    1. Mistiaen P, Jolley D, McGowan S, Hickey M, Spreeuwenberg P, Francke A. The Australian Medical Sheepskin prevents pressure ulcers: a combined multilevel analysis of three RCTs. Fourth European Nursing Congress. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2010;19:20.
    1. Mistiaen P, Jolley DJ, McGowan S, Hickey MB, Spreeuwenberg P, Francke AL. 'Australian Medical Sheepskin' in the prevention of decubitus: meta-analysis with individual patient data shows efficacy ['Australische Medische Schapenvacht' ter preventie van decubitus: meta-analyse met individuele patientendata toont effectiviteit]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2011;155(15):686-91. [PMID: ]
    1. Mistiaen P, Jolley DJ, McGowan S, Hickey MB, Spreeuwenberg P, Francke AL. Australian Medical Sheepskin for prevention of pressure ulcers: individual patient data meta-analysis shows effectiveness ['Australische Medische Schapenvacht' ter preventie van decubitus: meta-analyse met individuele patientendata toont effectiviteit]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2011;155(18):A3034. [PMID: ]
    1. Mistiaen PJ, Jolley DJ, McGowan S, Hickey MB, Spreeuwenberg P, Francke AL. A multilevel analysis of three randomised controlled trials of the Australian Medical Sheepskin in the prevention of sacral pressure ulcers. Medical Journal of Australia 2010;193(11-2):638-41. [PMID: ]
    1. NTR878. Cost-effectiveness of the Australian Medical Sheepskin for the prevention of pressure ulcers in somatic nursing home clients. .
Mistiaen 2010b {published data only}
    1. Mistiaen P, Achterberg W, Ament A, Halfens R, Huizinga J, Montgomery K, et al. Cost-effectiveness of the Australian Medical Sheepskin for the prevention of pressure ulcers in somatic nursing home patients: study protocol for a prospective multi-centre randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN17553857). BMC Health Services Research 2008;8:4. [PMID: ]
    1. Mistiaen P, Achterberg W, Ament A, Halfens R, Huizinga J, Montgomery K, et al. The effectiveness of the Australian Medical Sheepskin for the prevention of pressure ulcers in somatic nursing home patients: a prospective multicenter randomized-controlled trial (ISRCTN17553857). Wound Repair and Regeneration 2010;18(6):572-9. [PMID: ]
    1. Mistiaen P, Ament A, Francke AL, Achterberg W, Halfens R, Huizinga J, et al. An economic appraisal of the Australian Medical Sheepskin for the prevention of sacral pressure ulcers from a nursing home perspective. BMC Health Services Research 2010;10:226. [PMID: ]
    1. Mistiaen P, Francke A, Achterberg W, Ament A, Halfens R, Huizinga J. Australian Medical Sheepskin is effective for the prevention of pressure ulcers. Tijdschrift voor Ouderengeneeskunde 2009;5:186-90.
Nakahara 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nakahara R, Ohto S, Kato H. Treating pressure ulcers using alternating pressure replacement mattresses. In: 4th Congress of the World Union of Wound Healing Societies; 2012 September 2-6; Yokohama (Japan). 2012.
NCT01402765 {published data only}
    1. NCT01402765. Interface pressure measures for mattresses: Nimbus 3 versus Summit. .
NCT02565797 {published data only}
    1. NCT02565797. Comparative prevention-effectiveness trial of DabirAIR overlay system. .
NCT02634892 {published data only}
    1. NCT02634892. Pressure redistributing overlay with targeted cooling technology (PRO-TECT) for pressure ulcer prevention. .
NCT02735135 {published data only}
    1. NCT02735135. Comparison of 2 mattresses for the prevention of bedsores by measuring skin pressure in the sacral area. .
NCT03048357 {published data only}
    1. NCT03048357. Effectiveness of Freedom Bed compared to manual turning in prevention of pressure injuries in persons with limited mobility due to traumatic brain injury and/or spinal cord injury. .
NCT03211910 {published data only}
    1. NCT03211910. Sacral Savers: study of prevention and enhanced healing of sacral and trochenteric ulcers. .
NCT03351049 {published data only}
    1. NCT03351049. An RCT on support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention. .
Nixon 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bridel-Nixon J, McElvenny D, Brown J, Mason S. A randomized controlled trial using a double-triangular sequential design: methodology and management issues. In: European Wound Management Association Conference; 1997 April 27-29; Milan (Italy). 1997:65-6.
    1. Bridel-Nixon J, McElvenny D, Brown J, Mason S. Findings from a double-triangular sequential-design randomized clinical trial of a dry polymer gel pad. In: European Wound Management Association Conference; 1997 April 27-29; Milan (Italy). 1997:20-1.
    1. Brown J, McElvenny D, Nixon J, Bainbridge J, Mason S. Some practical issues in the design, monitoring and analysis of a sequential randomized trial in pressure sore prevention. Statistics in Medicine 2000;19(24):3389-400. [PMID: ]
    1. ISRCTN43076542. Pressure sore risk in the operating department. .
    1. Nixon J, McElvenny D, Mason S, Brown J, Bond S. A sequential randomised controlled trial comparing a dry visco-elastic polymer pad and standard operating table mattress in the prevention of post-operative pressure sores. International Journal of Nursing Studies 1998;35(4):193-203. [PMID: ]
Nixon 2006 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN78646179. Randomised controlled trial comparing alternating pressure overlays with alternating pressure mattresses for pressure sore prevention and treatment. .
    1. Nelson EA, Nixon J, Mason S, Barrow H, Phillips A, Cullum N. A nurse-led randomised trial of pressure-relieving support surfaces. Professional Nurse (London, England) 2003;18(9):513-6. [PMID: ]
    1. Nixon J, Cranny G, Iglesias C, Nelson EA, Hawkins K, Phillips A, et al. Randomised, controlled trial of alternating pressure mattresses compared with alternating pressure overlays for the prevention of pressure ulcers: PRESSURE (pressure relieving support surfaces) trial. BMJ 2006;332(7555):1413-5.
    1. Nixon J, Cranny G, Nelson A, Iglesias C, Phillips A, Hawkins K, et al. The NHS Health Technology Assessment Programme. Pressure trial clinical and patient outcomes. EWMA Journal 2006;6(1):38.
    1. Nixon J, Cranny G, Nelson A, Iglesias C, Phillips A, Kawkins K, et al. Pressure trial clinical and patient outcomes. In: European Wound Management Association; 1998 November; Harrogate (UK). 2005:157.
    1. Nixon J, Nelson EA, Cranny G, Iglesias CP, Hawkins K, Cullum NA, et al. Pressure relieving support surfaces: a randomised evaluation. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England) 2006;10(22):1-163.
    1. Nixon J, Thorpe H, Barrow H, Phillips A, Nelson EA, Mason SA, et al. Reliability of pressure ulcer classification and diagnosis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2005;50(6):613-23.
    1. Nixon J. Randomised, controlled trial of alternating pressure mattresses compared with alternating pressure overlays for the prevention of pressure ulcers: PRESSURE (pressure relieving support surfaces) trial. BMJ 2006;333:Erratum in: BMJ 2006; 333:30.
Nixon 2019 {published data only}
    1. Brown S, Smith I, Brown J, Hulme C, Nixon J. Pressure relieving support surfaces: a randomised evaluation 2 (PRESSURE 2). Trials 2013;14(Suppl 1):P68.
    1. Brown S, Smith IL, Brown JM, Hulme C, McGinnis E, Stubbs N, et al. Pressure RElieving Support SUrfaces: a Randomised Evaluation 2 (PRESSURE 2): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016;17(1):604. [PMID: ]
    1. ISRCTN01151335. Pressure RElieving Support SUrfaces: a Randomised Evaluation 2. .
    1. McGinnis E, Brown S, Collier H, Faulks P, Gilberts R, Greenwood C, et al. Pressure RElieving Support SUrfaces: a Randomised Evaluation 2 (PRESSURE 2) photographic validation sub-study: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2017;18(1):132. [PMID: ]
    1. Nixon J, Brown S, Smith IL, McGinnis E, Vargas-Palacios A, Nelson EA, et al. Comparing alternating pressure mattresses and high-specification foam mattresses to prevent pressure ulcers in high-risk patients: the PRESSURE 2 RCT. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England) 2019;23(52):1-176. [PMID: ]
    1. Nixon J, Smith IL, Brown S, McGinnis E, Vargas-Palacios A, Nelson EA, et al. Pressure relieving support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention (PRESSURE 2): clinical and health economic results of a randomised controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine 2019;14:42-52. [PMID: ]
Ooka 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ooka M, Kemp MG, McMyn R, Shott S. Evaluation of three types of support surfaces for preventing pressure ulcers in patients in a surgical intensive care unit. Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing 1995;22(6):271-9.
Osterbrink 2005 {published data only}
    1. Osterbrink J, Mayer H, Schroder G. Clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of a multimodal static pressure relieving device. In: 8th European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Open Meeting; 2005 May 5-7; Aberdeen (Scotland). 2005:73.
Ozyurek 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ozyurek P, Yavuz M. Prevention of pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit: a randomized trial of 2 viscoelastic foam support surfaces. Clinical Nurse Specialist CNS 2015;29(4):210-7. [PMID: ]
Park 2017 {published data only}
    1. Park KH, Park J. The efficacy of a viscoelastic foam overlay on prevention of pressure injury in acutely ill patients: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing 2017;44(5):440-4. [PMID: ]
Phillips 1999 {published data only}
    1. Phillips L. Providing correct pressure-relieving devices for optimum outcome. British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 1999;8(21):1447-52. [PMID: ]
Pring 1998 {published data only}
    1. Pring J, Millman P. Evaluating pressure-relieving mattresses. Journal of Wound Care 1998;7(4):177-9. [PMID: ]
Rae 2018 {published data only}
    1. Rae KE, Isbel S, Upton D. Support surfaces for the treatment and prevention of pressure ulcers: a systematic literature review. Journal of Wound Care 2018;27(8):467-74.
Rafter 2011 {published data only}
    1. Rafter L. Evaluation of patient outcomes: pressure ulcer prevention mattresses. British Journal of Nursing 2011;20(11):32.
Reddy 2006 {published data only}
    1. Reddy M, Gill SS, Rochon PA. Preventing pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA 2006;296(8):974-84. [PMID: ]
Reddy 2008 {published data only}
    1. Reddy M, Gill SS, Kalkar SR, Wu W, Anderson PJ, Rochon PA. Treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA 2008;300(22):2647-62.
Ricci 2013a {published data only}
    1. Ricci E, Cassino R, Ippolito A. A randomized study on efficacy on 2 overlays in pressure sores treatment. EWMA Journal 2013;13(1):302.
Ricci 2013b {published data only}
    1. Ricci E, Roberto C, Ippolito A, Bianco A, Scalise MT. A randomized study on the effectiveness of a new pressure-relieving mattress overlay for the prevention of pressure ulcers in elderly patients at risk. EWMA Journal 2013;13(1):27-32.
Rithalia 1995 {published data only}
    1. Rithalia SV. Comparison of performance characteristics of the Nimbus and Airwave mattresses. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 1995;18(2):182-5. [PMID: ]
Rosenthal 2003 {published data only}
    1. Rosenthal MJ, Felton RM, Nastasi AE, Naliboff BD, Harker J, Navach JH. Healing of advanced pressure ulcers by a generic total contact seat: 2 randomized comparisons with low air loss bed treatments. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84(12):1733-42. [PMID: ]
Russell 1999 {published data only}
    1. Russell L. Randomized comparative clinical trial of Pegasus Cairwave mattress and Proactive seating cushion and Huntleigh Nimbus 3 & Aura seating cushion. Journal of Tissue Viability 1999;9(3):103-4.
    1. Russell L. Randomized comparative clinical trial of the Pegasus Cairwave mattress and Proactive seating cushion and the Huntleigh Nimbus III mattress and Alpha Transcell seating cushion. In: European Wound Management Association and Journal of Wound Care Autumn Conference; 1998 November; Harrogate (UK). 1998:4.
Russell 2000a {published data only}
    1. Dunlop V. Preliminary results of a randomized, controlled study of a pressure ulcer prevention system. Advances in Wound Care 1998;11(3 Suppl):14. [PMID: ]
    1. Lichtenstein S. A 7 day comparative randomized parallel single centre study to determine the safety and efficacy of the Micropulse system for the prevention of pressure ulcers. Micropulse 1997.
    1. Russell JA, Lichtenstein SL. Randomized controlled trial to determine the safety and efficacy of a multi-cell pulsating dynamic mattress system in the prevention of pressure ulcers in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. Ostomy/Wound Management 2000;46(2):46-51, 54-5. [PMID: ]
Russell 2000b {published data only}
    1. Russell L, Reynolds T, Carr J, Evans A, Holmes M. A comparison of healing rates on two pressure-relieving systems. British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 2000;9(22):2270-80. [PMID: ]
Russell 2000c {published data only}
    1. Russell L, Reynolds TM, Carr J, Evans A, Holmes M. Randomised controlled trial of two pressure-relieving systems. Journal of Wound Care 2000;9(2):52-5.
Russell 2003a {published data only}
    1. Russell LJ, Reynolds TM, Park C, Rithalia S, Gonsalkorale M, Birch J, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing 2 support surfaces: results of the prevention of pressure ulcers study. Advances in Skin & Wound Care 2003;16(6):317-27. [PMID: ]
Russell 2003b {published data only}
    1. Russell L, Reynolds TM, Towns A, Worth W, Greenman A, Turner R. Randomized comparison trial of the RIK and the Nimbus 3 mattresses. British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 2003;12(4):254, 256-9. [PMID: ]
Sanada 2003 {published data only}
    1. Matsui Y, Miyake S, Kawasaki T, Konya C, Sugama J, Sanada H. Randomized controlled trial of a two layer type air cell mattress in the prevention of pressure ulcers. Japanese Journal of Pressure Ulcers 2001;3(3):331-7.
    1. Sanada H, Sugama J, Matsui Y, Konya C, Kitagawa A, Okuwa M, et al. Randomised controlled trial to evaluate a new double-layer air-cell overlay for elderly patients requiring head elevation. Journal of Tissue Viability 2003;13(3):112-4, 116, 118. [PMID: ]
Santy 1994 {published data only}
    1. Santy JE, Butler MK, Whyman JD. A comparison study of 6 types of hospital mattress to determine which most effectively reduces the incidence of pressure sores in elderly patients with hip fractures in a District General Hospital. Report to Northern & Yorkshire Regional Health Authority 1994.
Santy 1995 {published data only}
    1. Santy J. Hospital mattresses and pressure sore prevention. Journal of Wound Care 1995;4(7):329-32.
Sauvage 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sauvage P, Touflet M, Pradere C, Portalier F, Michel JM, Charru P, et al. Pressure ulcers prevention efficacy of an alternating pressure air mattress in elderly patients: E(2)MAO a randomised study. Journal of Wound Care 2017;26(6):304-12. [PMID: ]
Scheffel 2011 {published data only}
    1. Scheffel S, Panfil EM. Mattresses and Co. for prevention of decubitus ulcer. What measures are effective? [Matratzen und Co. zur Dekubituspravention. Welche Massnahmen sind wirksam?]. Pflege Zeitschrift 2011;64(3):162-3.
Schultz 1999 {published data only}
    1. Schultz A, Bien M, Dumond K, Brown K, Myers A. Etiology and incidence of pressure ulcers in surgical patients. AORN Journal 1999;70(3):434, 437-40, 443-9. [PMID: ]
    1. Schultz AA. Study results: prediction and prevention of pressure ulcers in surgical patients. Advances in Wound Care 1998;11(3):11.
Scott 2000 {published data only}
    1. Scott EM. The prevention of pressure ulcers in the operating department. Journal of Wound Care 2000;9(1):18-21. [PMID: ]
Scott‐Williams 2006 {published data only}
    1. Scott-Williams S, Lummas AC. Perioperative pressure ulcer assessment and prevention efficacy study of a multilayered pad for the operating room. Ostomy/Wound Management 2006;52(4):110-1.
Serraes 2018 {published data only}
    1. Serraes B, Van Leen M, Schols J, Van Hecke A, Verhaeghe S, Beeckman D. Prevention of pressure ulcers with a static air support surface: a systematic review. International Wound Journal 2018;15(3):333-43. [PMID: ]
Shakibamehr 2019 {published data only}
    1. Shakibamehr J, Rad M, Akrami R, Rad M. Effectiveness of Tragacanth gel cushions in prevention of pressure ulcer in traumatic patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Caring Sciences 2019;8(1):45-9. [PMID: ]
Sharp 2007 {published data only}
    1. Sharp A. Pilot study to compare the incidence of pressure ulceration on two therapeutic support surfaces in elderly care. In: 17th Conference of the European Wound Management Association; 2007 May 2-4; Glasgow (Scotland). 2007:Oral presentation 114, 73.
Shi 2018a {published data only}
    1. Shi C, Dumville JC, Cullum N. Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention: a network meta-analysis. PLOS One 2018;13(2):e0192707. [PMID: ]
Smith 2013 {published data only}
    1. Smith ME, Totten A, Hickam DH, Fu R, Wasson N, Rahman B, et al. Pressure ulcer treatment strategies: a systematic comparative effectiveness review. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013;159(1):39-50. [PMID: ]
Stannard 1993 {published data only}
    1. Stannard D. Commentary on the role of support surfaces and patient attributes in preventing pressure ulcers in elderly patients. AACN Nursing Scan In Critical Care 1993;3(6):2-3.
Stapleton 1986 {published data only}
    1. Stapleton M. Preventing pressure sores--an evaluation of three products. Geriatric Nursing (London, England) 1986;6(2):23-5. [PMID: ]
Sterzi 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sterzi S, Selvaggi G, Romanelli A, Valente P, Bertolini C. Evaluation of prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers and their relationship with mattresses used in a general hospital intensive care unit. European Journal of Plastic Surgery 2003;25(7):401-4.
Strauss 1991 {published data only}
    1. Strauss MJ, Gong J, Gary BD, Kalsbeek WD, Spear S. The cost of home air-fluidized therapy for pressure sores. A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family Practice 1991;33(1):52-9. [PMID: ]
Takala 1994 {published data only}
    1. Takala J, Soini HO, Soppi E, Kataja M, Olkkonen K. Can risk factors for pressure sores be decreased with a special mattress? Duodecim; Laaketieteellinen Aikakauskirja 1994;110(4):407-14.
Taylor 1999 {published data only}
    1. Taylor L. Evaluating the Pegasus Trinova: a data hierarchy approach. British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 1999;8(12):771-4, 776-8. [PMID: ]
Tewes 1993 {published data only}
    1. Tewes M. Prevention and treatment of pressure sores--a neglected research subject? An overview of clinically controlled studies in the period 1987-91 [Tryksarforebyggelse og -behandling--et forsomt forskningsomrade? En gennemgang af klinisk kontrollerede undersogelser i perioden 1987-91]. Vard i Norden 1993;13(2):4-7. [PMID: ]
Theaker 2005 {published data only}
    1. Theaker C, Kuper M, Soni N. Pressure ulcer prevention in intensive care - a randomised control trial of two pressure-relieving devices. Anaesthesia 2005;60(4):395-9. [PMID: ]
Vanderwee 2005 {published data only}
    1. Vanderwee K, Grypdonck MH, Defloor T. Effectiveness of an alternating pressure air mattress for the prevention of pressure ulcers. Age and Ageing 2005;34(3):261-7. [PMID: ]
Van Leen 2018 {published data only}
    1. NTR4557. Is lowering of shear and friction forces (cost)effective for prevention of pressure ulcers? .
    1. Van Leen M, Halfens R, Schols J. Preventive effect of a microclimate-regulating system on pressure ulcer development: a prospective, randomized controlled trial in Dutch nursing homes. Advances in Skin & Wound Care 2018;31(1):1-5. [PMID: ]
Van Rijswijk 1994 {published data only}
    1. Van Rijswijk L. Pressure sores and pressure-decreasing mattresses: controlled clinical trial. Ostomy Wound Management 1994;40(6):12.
Vyhlidal 1997 {published data only}
    1. Vyhlidal SK, Moxness D, Bosak KS, Van Meter FG, Bergstrom N. Mattress replacement or foam overlay? A prospective study on the incidence of pressure ulcers. Applied Nursing Research 1997;10(3):111-20.
Wallace 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wallace M. Review: alternative-foam mattresses and some operating-table overlays reduce pressure ulcers more than standard surfaces. Evidence-Based Nursing 2009;12(3):81. [PMID: ]
Whitney 1984 {published data only}
    1. Whitney JD, Fellows BJ, Larson E. Do mattresses make a difference? Journal of Gerontological Nursing 1984;10(9):20-1, 24-5.
Whittingham 1999 {published data only}
    1. Whittingham K. Randomized control trial of six pressure-redistributing foam mattresses. Journal of Tissue Viability 1999;9(3):104.
Yao 2018 {published data only}
    1. Yao L, Ding N, Yang L, Han C, Jiang L, Jiang B, et al. Effects of different decompression device in the prevention of pressure sore: a network meta-analysis. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 2018;18(10):1086-92.
References to studies awaiting assessment Chaloner 2000b {published data only}
    1. Chaloner D. A prospective, controlled comparison between two dynamic alternating mattress replacement systems within a community setting. In: 9th European Conference on Advances in Wound Management; 1999 November 9-11; Harrogate (UK). 2000.
Gardner 2008 {published data only}
    1. Gardner A, Dunk AM, Gardner G. Which mattress works best? A clinical trial of the comparative effectiveness of constant low pressure and alternating pressure devices in hospital patients deemed at risk of pressure injury. In: Australian Wound Management Association 7th National Conference. 2008:52.
Henn 2004 {published data only}
    1. Henn G, Russell L, Towns A, Taylor H. A two-centre prospective study to determine the utility of a dynamic mattress and mattress overlay. In: 2nd World Union of Wound Healing Societies Meeting; 2004 July 8-13; Paris (France). 2004:54.
Knight 1999 {published data only}
    1. Knight M, Simpson J, Fear-Price M. An evaluation of pressure-reducing overlay mattresses in the community situation. In: 9th European Conference on Advances in Wound Management; November 9-11; Harrogate (UK). 1999:25.
Mastrangelo 2010b {published data only}
    1. Mastrangelo D, Farina E, Gallicchio V, De Anna D, Bresadola F, Farina MA. Initial analyses of the prospective study randomized on the anti-decubitis lesion mattress cover. In: SAWC Spring: the Symposium on Advanced Wounds Care and the Wound Healing Society; 2010 April 17-20; Orlando (FL). 2010:S32.
Melland 1998 {published data only}
    1. Melland HI, Langemo D, Hanson D, Olson B, Hunter S. Clinical trial of the Freedom Bed. Prairie Rose 1998;67(2):11-2a.
Additional references Baumgarten 2009
    1. Baumgarten M, Margolis DJ, Selekof JL, Moye N, Jones PS, Shardell M. Validity of pressure ulcer diagnosis using digital photography. Wound Repair and Regeneration 2009;17:287-90.
Borenstein 2009
    1. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. West Sussex (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2009.
Borenstein 2017
    1. Borenstein M, Higgins JP, Hedges LV, Rothstein HR. Basics of meta-analysis: I2 is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity. Research Synthesis Methods 2017;8(1):5-18. [PMID: ]
Cipriani 2013
    1. Cipriani A, Higgins JP, Geddes JR, Salanti G. Conceptual and technical challenges in network meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013;159(2):130-7.
Clark 2011
    1. Clark M. Technology update: understanding support surfaces. Wounds International 2011;2(3):17-21.
Covidence [Computer program]
    1. Veritas Health Innovation Covidence. Version accessed 30 September 2019. Melbourne, Australia: Veritas Health Innovation. Available at .
Cullum 2016
    1. Cullum N, Buckley H, Dumville J, Hall J, Lamb K, Madden M, et al. Wounds Research for Patient Benefit: A 5-year Programme of Research. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library, 2016.
Deeks 2019
    1. Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG (editors). Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Cochrane, 2019. Available from .
Demarré 2015
    1. Demarré L, Van Lancker A, Van Hecke A, Verhaeghe S, Grypdonck M, Lemey J, et al. The cost of prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2015;52(11):1754-74.
Eldridge 2019
    1. Eldridge S, Campbell M, Campbell M, Dahota A, Giraudeau B, Higgins J, et al. Revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0): additional considerations for cluster-randomized trials. (accessed 1 October 2019).
EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA 2019
    1. European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel, and Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance (EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA). Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Quick Reference Guide. EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA, 2019.
Espejo 2018
    1. Espejo E, Andrés M, Borrallo RM, Padilla E, Garcia-Restoy E, Bella F, Complex Wounds Working Group. Bacteremia associated with pressure ulcers: a prospective cohort study. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 2018;37(5):969-75.
Essex 2009
    1. Essex HN, Clark M, Sims J, Warriner A, Cullum N. Health-related quality of life in hospital inpatients with pressure ulceration: assessment using generic health-related quality of life measures. Wound Repair and Regeneration 2009;17(6):797-805.
Glanville 2019
    1. Glanville J, Dooley G, Wisniewski S, Foxlee R, Noel-Storr A. Development of a search filter to identify reports of controlled clinical trials within CINAHL Plus. Health Information and Libraries Journal 2019;36(1):73-90.
Gorecki 2009
    1. Gorecki C, Brown JM, Nelson EA, Briggs M, Schoonhoven L, Dealey C, et al. Impact of pressure ulcers on quality of life in older patients: a systematic review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(7):1175-83.
Gorecki 2013
    1. Gorecki C, Brown JM, Cano S, Lamping DL, Briggs M, Coleman S, et al. Development and validation of a new patient-reported outcome measure for patients with pressure ulcers: the PU-QOL instrument. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2013;11:95. [PMID: ]
GRADEpro GDT [Computer program]
    1. McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime) GRADEpro GDT. Version accessed 30 September 2019. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime). Available at .
Gray 2018
    1. Gray TA, Rhodes S, Atkinson RA, Rothwell K, Wilson P, Dumville JC, et al. Opportunities for better value wound care: a multiservice, cross-sectional survey of complex wounds and their care in a UK community population. BMJ Open 2018;8(3):e019440. [PMID: ]
Guest 2018
    1. Guest JF, Fuller GW, Vowden P, Vowden KR. Cohort study evaluating pressure ulcer management in clinical practice in the UK following initial presentation in the community: costs and outcomes. BMJ Open 2018;8(7):e021769. [PMID: ]
Guyatt 2008
    1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al, GRADE Working Group. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336(7650):924-6. [PMID: ]
Guyatt 2011
    1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist G, Kunz R, Brozek J, Alonso‐Coello P, et al. GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence - study limitations (risk of bias). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64:407-15.
Herdman 2011
    1. Herdman M, Gudex C, Lloyd A, Janssen M, Kind P, Parkin D, et al. Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Quality of Life Research 2011;21(10):1727-36. [PMID: ]
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60.
Higgins 2017
    1. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Sterne JA (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JP, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston MS (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2017. Available from .
Higgins 2019
    1. Higgins JP, Eldridge S, Li T (editors). Chapter 23: Including variants on randomized trials. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Cochrane, 2019. Available from .
Hróbjartsson 2012
    1. Hróbjartsson A, Thomsen AS, Emanuelsson F, Tendal B, Hilden J, Boutron I, et al. Observer bias in randomised clinical trials with binary outcomes: systematic review of trials with both blinded and non-blinded outcome assessors. BMJ 2012;344:e1119.
Kirkham 2018
    1. Kirkham JJ, Altman DG, Chan AW, Gamble C, Dwan KM, Williamson PR. Outcome reporting bias in trials: a methodological approach for assessment and adjustment in systematic reviews. BMJ 2018;362:k3802.
Lefebvre 2019
    1. Lefebvre C, Glanville J, Briscoe S, Littlewood A, Marshall C, Metzendorf M-I, et al. Chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Cochrane, 2019. Available from .
Li 2019
    1. Li T, Higgins JP, Deeks JJ (editors). Chapter 5: Collecting data. In Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Cochrane, 2019. Available from .
Nguyen 2015
    1. Nguyen KH, Chaboyer W, Whitty JA. Pressure injury in Australian public hospitals: a cost-of-illness study. Australian Health Review 2015;39(3):329-36.
NICE 2014
    1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Pressure ulcers: prevention and management. (accessed 08 October 2019).
NPIAP 2016
    1. National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP). NPUAP Pressure Injury Stages. Available at (accessed 18 February 2020).
NPIAP S3I 2007
    1. National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) Support Surface Standards Initiative (S3I). Terms and Definitions Related to Support Surfaces. Available at (accessed 18 February 2020).
Ouzzani 2016
    1. Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan — a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews 2016;5:210.
Page 2019
    1. Page MJ, Higgins JP, Sterne JA. Chapter 13: Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Cochrane, 2019. Available from .
Parmar 1998
    1. Parmar MK, Torri V, Stewart L. Extracting summary statistics to perform meta-analyses of the published literature for survival endpoints. Statistics in Medicine 1998;17(24):2815-34.
Peryer 2019
    1. Peryer G, Golder S, Junqueira DR, Vohra S, Loke YK, (editors). Chapter 19: Adverse effects. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Cochrane, 2019. Available from .
Peters 2008
    1. Peters JL, Sutton AJ, Jones DR, Abrams KR, Rushton L. Contour-enhanced meta-analysis funnel plots help distinguish publication bias from other causes of asymmetry. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2008;61(10):991-6.
Review Manager 2020 [Computer program]
    1. The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.4. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2020.
Riley 2011
    1. Riley RD, Higgins JP, Deeks JJ. Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses. BMJ 2011;342:d549. [PMID: ]
Salanti 2012
    1. Salanti G. Indirect and mixed-treatment comparison, network, or multiple-treatments meta-analysis: many names, many benefits, many concerns for the next generation evidence synthesis tool. Research Synthesis Methods 2012;3(2):80-97. [PMID: ]
Salanti 2014
    1. Salanti G, Giovane CD, Chaimani A, Caldwell DM, Higgins JP. Evaluating the quality of evidence from a network meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 2014;9(7):e99682.
Schoonhoven 2007
    1. Schoonhoven L, Bousema Mente T, Buskens E, on behalf of the prePURSE-study group. The prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers in hospitalised patients in the Netherlands: a prospective inception cohort study. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2007;44(6):927-35.
Schulz 1995
    1. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 1995;273(5):408-12.
Schünemann 2019
    1. Schünemann HJ, Higgins JP, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Akl EA, Skoetz N, et al. Chapter 14: Completing ‘Summary of findings’ tables and grading the certainty of the evidence. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Cochrane, 2019. Available from .
Shi 2018b
    1. Shi C, Westby M, Norman G, Dumville J, Cullum N. Node-making processes in network meta-analysis of non-pharmacological interventions should be well planned and reported. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2018;101:124-5.
Shi 2018c
    1. Shi C, Dumville JC, Cullum N. Skin status for predicting pressure ulcer development: a systematic review and meta-analyses. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2018;87:14-25.
Shi 2021
    1. Shi C, Dumville JC, Cullum N, Rhodes S, McInnes E, Goh EL, et al. Beds, overlays and mattresses for preventing and treating pressure ulcers: an overview of Cochrane Reviews and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021, Issue 8. Art. No: CD013761. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013761.pub2]
Theisen 2012
    1. Theisen S, Drabik A, Stock S. Pressure ulcers in older hospitalised patients and its impact on length of stay: a retrospective observational study. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2012;21(3-4):380-7.
Thompson 1999
    1. Thompson SG, Sharp SJ. Explaining heterogeneity in meta-analysis: a comparison of methods. Statistics in Medicine 1999;18(20):2693-708. [PMID: ]
Tierney 2007
    1. Tierney JF, Stewart LA, Ghersi D, Burdett S, Sydes MR. Practical methods for incorporating summary time-to-event data into meta-analysis. Trials 2007;8:16.
Ware 1992
    1. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care 1992;30(6):472-83. [PMID: ]
World Health Organization 2019
    1. World Health Organization. EH90 Pressure ulceration. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version: 04/2019). Available at (accessed 17 February 2020).
Wounds International 2010
    1. Wounds International. International Review. Pressure Ulcer Prevention: Pressure, Shear, Friction and Microclimate in Context. A Consensus Document. London (UK): Wounds International, 2010.
References to other published versions of this review Shi 2020
    1. Shi C, Dumville JC, Cullum N, Rhodes S, McInnes E. Reactive air surfaces for preventing pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 5. Art. No: CD013622. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013622]

Source: PubMed

赞助者和合作者

医疗条件

药物干预

3
订阅