Perceived stress and anhedonia predict short-and long-term weight change, respectively, in healthy adults

Abstract

Objective: Perceived stress; emotional eating; anhedonia; depression and dietary restraint, hunger, and disinhibition have been studied as risk factors for obesity. However, the majority of studies have been cross-sectional and the directionality of these relationships remains unclear. In this longitudinal study, we assess their impact on future weight change.

Methods: Psychological predictors of weight change in short- (6month) and long-term (>1year) periods were studied in 65 lean and obese individuals in two cohorts. Subjects participated in studies of food intake and metabolism that did not include any type of medication or weight loss interventions. They completed psychological questionnaires at baseline and weight change was monitored at follow-up visits.

Results: At six months, perceived stress predicted weight gain (r(2)=0.23, P=0.02). There was a significant interaction (r(2)=.38, P=0.009) between perceived stress and positive emotional eating, such that higher scores in both predicted greater weight gain, while those with low stress but high emotional eating scores lost weight. For long-term, higher anhedonia scores predicted weight gain (r(2)=0.24, P=0.04). Depression moderated these effects such that higher scores in both predicted weight gain but higher depression and lower anhedonia scores predicted weight loss.

Conclusion: There are different behavioral determinants for short- and long-term weight change. Targeting perceived stress may help with short-term weight loss while depression and anhedonia may be better targets for long-term weight regulation.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00523627 NCT00342732.

Keywords: Depression; Emotional eating; Longitudinal; Mood; Weight gain.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Figures

Figure 1

Weight change of individuals with high versus low perceived stress and positive emotional eating

Figure 2

Adjusted Values of Weight Change versus Perceived Stress categorized by degree of eating in response to Positive Emotions (squares: High positive emotional eaters; Diamonds: low positive emotional eaters). Multiple linear regression was used and adjusted for age, gender, race, and baseline weight. R2 High Positive emotional eaters = 0.77; R2 Low positive emotional eaters = 0.01; p=0.009. Similar results were obtained if the right uppermost outlier was removed.

Figure 3

Weight change of individuals with high versus low depressive symptoms and anhedonia

Figure 4

Adjusted Values of Weight Change versus Anhedonia categorized by degree of depression (squares: High depressive symptoms; Diamonds: Low depressive symptoms). Multiple linear regression was used and adjusted for age, gender, race, and baseline weight. R2 High depressive symptoms = 0.62; R2 Low depressive symptoms = 0.003; p<0.01.