Change in Substance Use and the Effects of Social Distancing on Health-Related Quality of Life and Depressive Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic in People Living With and Without HIV

Reja E A Schaaf, Myrthe L Verburgh, Anders Boyd, Ferdinand W Wit, Pythia T Nieuwkerk, Maarten F Schim van der Loeff, Peter Reiss, AGEhIV Study Group, Reja E A Schaaf, Myrthe L Verburgh, Anders Boyd, Ferdinand W Wit, Pythia T Nieuwkerk, Maarten F Schim van der Loeff, Peter Reiss, AGEhIV Study Group

Abstract

Background: Little is known about the impact of social distancing on health-related quality of life and depressive symptoms in older people with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Setting: HIV-positive and HIV-negative AGEhIV Cohort Study participants.

Method: In September-November 2020, participants completed questionnaires on social distancing, change in substance use, health-related quality of life (EQ-6D, including EQ-VAS), and depressive symptoms (PHQ-9). Associations between social distancing and (1) EQ-VAS or (2) PHQ-9 score ≥10 (clinically relevant depressive symptoms) were analyzed using fractional and binomial logistic regression, respectively.

Results: Two hundred fourteen HIV-positive and 285 HIV-negative participants were analyzed. 77.4% found social distancing important and 66.9% reported good adherence to these measures, without significant differences between HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants. In both groups, <5% reported increased smoking or recreational drug use, but more HIV-positive (12.2%) than HIV-negative (4.9%) participants (P = 0.005) reported increased/more frequent alcohol use. Median EQ-VAS was slightly lower in HIV-positive (80 IQR = 73-90) than HIV-negative (84 IQR = 75-90) participants (P = 0.041). The prevalence of clinically relevant depressive symptoms was similar (HIV-positive, 8.4% and HIV-negative, 8.8%). Worrying about contracting COVID-19 and having ≥3 (vs no) comorbidities were associated with lower EQ-VAS and finding social distancing easy with higher EQ-VAS. Worrying about contracting COVID-19 and younger than 60 years (vs ≥65) were associated with higher odds of clinically relevant depressive symptoms. HIV status was associated with neither outcome.

Conclusions: Initially during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands, a similar majority of HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants reported adhering to social distancing. Irrespective of HIV status, concerns about contracting COVID-19 negatively affected participants' perceived current health and increased risk of depressive symptoms.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01466582.

Conflict of interest statement

F.W.W. has served on scientific advisory boards for ViiV Healthcare and Gilead sciences. MFSvdL has received independent scientific grant support from Sanofi Pasteur, MSD Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, and Merck & Co; has served on advisory boards of GlaxoSmithKline and Merck & Co; and has received nonfinancial support from Stichting Pathologie Onderzoek en Ontwikkeling. P.R. through his institution has received independent scientific grant support from Gilead Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc, Merck & Co, and ViiV Healthcare, and has served on scientific advisory boards for Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, and Merck & Co, for which honoraria were all paid to his institution. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

References

    1. Rijksoverheid. Coronavirus Tijdlijn. Available at: . Accessed May 12, 2021.
    1. Tamargo JA, Martin HR, Diaz-Martinez J, et al. COVID-19 testing and the impact of the pandemic on the Miami Adult studies on HIV cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;87:1016–1023.
    1. Lesko CR, Bengtson AM. HIV and COVID-19: intersecting epidemics with many unknowns. Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190:10–16.
    1. McKay D, Asmundson GJG. COVID-19 stress and substance use: current issues and future preparations. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;74:102274.
    1. Cooley SA, Nelson B, Doyle J, et al. . Collateral damage: impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in people living with HIV. J Neurovirol. 2021;27:168–170.
    1. Schouten J, Wit FW, Stolte IG, et al. Cross-sectional comparison of the prevalence of age-associated comorbidities and their risk factors between HIV-infected and uninfected individuals: the AGEhIV cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:1787–1797.
    1. Verburgh ML, Boyd A, Wit FWNM, et al. Similar risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and similar nucleocapsid antibody levels in people with well-controlled HIV and a comparable cohort of people without HIV. J Infect Dis. 2022;225(11):1937–1947.
    1. Krabbe PFSM, Essink-Bot ML, Bonsel GJ. The effect of adding a cognitive dimension to the EuroQol multiattribute health-status classification system. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52:293–301.
    1. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary care evaluation of mental disorders. Patient health questionnaire. Jama. 1999;282:1737–1744.
    1. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606–613.
    1. Bartholomew DJKM, Moustaki I. Latent Variable Models and Factors Analysis: A Unified Approach. 3rd ed. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2011:294.
    1. Diaz-Martinez J, Tamargo JA, Delgado-Enciso I, et al. Resilience, anxiety, stress, and substance use patterns during COVID-19 pandemic in the Miami Adult studies on HIV (MASH) cohort. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:3658–3668.
    1. Rodriguez-Penney AT, Iudicello JE, Riggs PK, et al. Co-morbidities in persons infected with HIV: increased burden with older age and negative effects on health-related quality of life. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2013;27:5–16.
    1. Choi EPH, Hui BPH, Wan EYF, et al. . COVID-19 and health-related quality of life: a community-based online survey in Hong Kong. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(6):3228.
    1. Duay M, Morgiève M, Niculita-Hirzel H. Sudden changes and their associations with quality of life during COVID-19 lockdown: a cross-sectional study in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4888.
    1. Marroquín B, Vine V, Morgan R. Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: effects of stay-at-home policies, social distancing behavior, and social resources. Psychiatry Res. 2020;293:113419.
    1. Lei L, Huang X, Zhang S, et al. . Comparison of prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among people affected by versus people unaffected by quarantine during the COVID-19 epidemic in southwestern China. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e924609.
    1. Zhao SZ, Wong JYH, Wu Y, et al. . Social distancing compliance under COVID-19 pandemic and mental health impacts: a population-based study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6692.
    1. Solomou I, Constantinidou F. Prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and compliance with precautionary measures: age and sex matter. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(14):4924.

Source: PubMed

赞助者和合作者

医疗条件

药物干预

3
订阅