Impact of maternity waiting homes on facility delivery among remote households in Zambia: protocol for a quasiexperimental, mixed-methods study

Abstract

Introduction: Maternity waiting homes (MWHs) aim to improve access to facility delivery in rural areas. However, there is limited rigorous evidence of their effectiveness. Using formative research, we developed an MWH intervention model with three components: infrastructure, management and linkage to services. This protocol describes a study to measure the impact of the MWH model on facility delivery among women living farthest (≥10 km) from their designated health facility in rural Zambia. This study will generate key new evidence to inform decision-making for MWH policy in Zambia and globally.

Methods and analysis: We are conducting a mixed-methods quasiexperimental impact evaluation of the MWH model using a controlled before-and-after design in 40 health facility clusters. Clusters were assigned to the intervention or control group using two methods: 20 clusters were randomly assigned using a matched-pair design; the other 20 were assigned without randomisation due to local political constraints. Overall, 20 study clusters receive the MWH model intervention while 20 control clusters continue to implement the 'standard of care' for waiting mothers. We recruit a repeated cross section of 2400 randomly sampled recently delivered women at baseline (2016) and endline (2018); all participants are administered a household survey and a 10% subsample also participates in an in-depth interview. We will calculate descriptive statistics and adjusted ORs; qualitative data will be analysed using content analysis. The primary outcome is the probability of delivery at a health facility; secondary outcomes include utilisation of MWHs and maternal and neonatal health outcomes.

Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approvals were obtained from the Boston University Institutional Review Board (IRB), University of Michigan IRB (deidentified data only) and the ERES Converge IRB in Zambia. Written informed consent is obtained prior to data collection. Results will be disseminated to key stakeholders in Zambia, then through open-access journals, websites and international conferences.

Trial registration number: NCT02620436; Pre-results.

Keywords: Zambia; impact evaluation; maternal health; maternity waiting home; mixed methods; skilled birth attendance.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2018. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

Figures

Figure 1

Core maternity waiting home model developed by the Maternity Home Alliance for intervention sites (n=20). ANC, antenatal care; BEmONC, basic emergency obstetric and neonatal complications; CEmONC, comprehensive emergency obstetric and neonatal care; PNC, postnatal care.

Figure 2

Map of the Maternity Home Alliance intervention and control study sites by partner. BU/RTC, Boston University and Right to Care Zambia; UM, University of Michigan.

Figure 3

Multistage random sampling strategy for baseline and endline. CEmONC, comprehensive emergency obstetric and neonatal care; GPS, global positioning system; HHS, household survey; IDI, in-depth interview.